(1) The carrier may lodge objections against the person entitled by virtue of the bill of lading only insofar as they concern the validity of the statements made in the bill of lading, or insofar as they arise from the contents of the bill of lading, or insofar as the carrier is directly entitled to such objections vis-à-vis the person entitled by virtue of the bill of lading. An agreement to which the bill of lading merely makes reference is not incorporated into the bill of lading.
(2) The carrier cannot rebut the presumptions pursuant to section 517 vis-à-vis a consignee, who is identified in the bill of lading and to whom the bill of lading has been transferred, unless the consignee was aware, or grossly negligently unaware, at the time the bill of lading was transferred, that the information therein is inaccurate. The same applies in relation to any third party to whom the bill of lading was transferred.
(3) If the person entitled by virtue of the bill of lading asserts a claim against the actual carrier pursuant to section 509, then the actual carrier, too, may raise the objections pursuant to subsection (1). Notwithstanding the provisions under subsection (2), moreover, the actual carrier may rebut the presumptions pursuant to section 517 if the bill of lading was issued neither by the actual carrier, nor by a party whom the actual carrier authorised to sign bills of lading.