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BGB (EN) 🇩🇪

BGB-EN · 2519 sections

Book 1
General part▸

Title 1 · Natural persons, consumers, traders

Section 1Beginning of legal capacity Section 2Beginning of majority Section 3-6Section 3-6 Section 7Residence; establishment and termination Section 8Residence of persons who lack full capacity to contract Section 9Residence of a soldier Section 10Section 10 Section 11Residence of a child Section 12Right to a name Section 13Consumer Section 14Trader Section 15-20Section 15-20 Section 21Non-commercial association Section 22Commercial association Section 23Section 23 Section 24Seat Section 25Constitution Section 26Board and representation Section 27Appointment of and management by the board Section 28Passing of resolutions by the board Section 29Emergency appointment by local court Section 30Special representatives Section 31Liability of an association for organs Section 31aLiability of members of organs and special representatives Section 31bLiability of members of the association Section 32General meeting; passing of resolutions Section 33Amendment of articles of association Section 34Exclusion from voting Section 35Special rights Section 36Convening the general meeting Section 37Convening a meeting at the request of a minority Section 38Membership Section 39Leaving the association Section 40Flexible provisions Section 41Dissolution of the association Section 42Insolvency Section 43Deprivation of legal personality Section 44Jurisdiction and procedure Section 45Devolution of the assets of the association Section 46Devolution on the treasury Section 47Liquidation Section 48Liquidators Section 49Duties of the liquidators Section 50Notice by publication of the association in liquidation Section 50aNewspaper for notices Section 51One-year waiting period Section 52Security for creditors Section 53Liability in damages of the liquidators Section 54Associations without legal personality

Chapter 2 · Registered associations

Section 55Jurisdiction over entry in the register Section 55aElectronic register of associations Section 56Minimum number of members of the association Section 57Minimum requirements of the articles of association Section 58Recommended contents of the articles of association Section 59Application for registration Section 60Rejection of the application Section 61-63Section 61-63 Section 64Contents of the entry in the register of associations Section 65Addition to name Section 66Notice by publication of the entry and safekeeping of documents Section 67Changes to the board Section 68Protection of public confidence by the register of associations Section 69Documentary proof of composition of the board Section 70Protection of public confidence in case of entries on power of agency Section 71Amendments of the articles of association Section 72Certificate on number of members Section 73Decrease to below the minimum number of members Section 74Dissolution Section 75Entries in the case of insolvency Section 76Register entries in the event of liquidation Section 77Parties obliged to apply for entry in the register and form of applications Section 78Assessment of coercive fines Section 79Inspection of the register of associations Section 79aApplication of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 to registration proceedings Section 80Formation of a foundation having legal personality Section 81Endowment transaction Section 82Duty of founder to make transfers Section 83Testamentary foundation Section 84Recognition after the death of the founder Section 85Constitution of foundation Section 86Application of law on associations Section 87Change of objects; termination Section 88Devolution of assets

Subtitle 3 · Legal persons under public law

Section 89Liability for organs; insolvency

Division 2 · Things and animals

Section 90Concept of the thing Section 90aAnimals Section 91Fungible things Section 92Consumable things Section 93Essential parts of a thing Section 94Essential parts of a plot of land or a building Section 95Merely temporary purpose Section 96Rights as parts of a plot of land Section 97Accessories Section 98Commercial and agricultural inventory Section 99Fruits Section 100Emoluments Section 101Division of fruits Section 102Reimbursement of costs of production Section 103Allocation of charges

Title 1 · Capacity to contract

Section 104Incapacity to contract Section 105Voidness of declaration of intent Section 105aEveryday transactions Section 106Limited capacity for minors to contract Section 107Consent of legal representative Section 108Entry into a contract without consent Section 109Right of withdrawal by the other party Section 110Performance effected with means of the minor’s own Section 111Unilateral legal transactions Section 112Independent operation of a trade or business Section 113Service or employment relationship

Title 2 · Declaration of intent

Section 116Mental reservation Section 117Sham transaction Section 118Lack of seriousness Section 119Voidability for mistake Section 120Voidability for incorrect transmission Section 121Period for avoidance Section 122Liability in damages of the person avoiding a declaration Section 123Voidability on the grounds of deceit or duress Section 124Period of time for avoidance Section 125Voidness resulting from a defect of form Section 126Written form Section 126aElectronic form Section 126bText form Section 127Agreed form Section 127aCourt settlement Section 128Notarial recording Section 129Official certification Section 130Effectiveness of a declaration of intent to absent parties Section 131Effectiveness in relation to persons without full capacity to contract Section 132Substitution of service for receipt Section 133Interpretation of a declaration of intent Section 134Statutory prohibition Section 135Statutory prohibition of alienation Section 136Official prohibition of alienation Section 137Prohibition of dispositions in a legal transaction Section 138Legal transaction offending common decency; usury Section 139Partial invalidity Section 140Re-interpretation Section 141Confirmation of a void legal transaction Section 142Effect of avoidance Section 143Declaration of avoidance Section 144Confirmation of a voidable legal transaction

Title 3 · Contract

Section 145Binding effect of an offer Section 146Expiry of an offer Section 147Period for acceptance Section 148Fixing a period for acceptance Section 149Late receipt of a declaration of acceptance Section 150Late acceptance and acceptance altering the offer Section 151Acceptance without declaration to the offeror Section 152Acceptance in the case of notarial recording Section 153Death of the offeror or offeror’s incapacity to contract Section 154Overt lack of agreement; lack of notarial recording Section 155Hidden lack of agreement Section 156Entry into contracts at auctions Section 157Interpretation of contracts

Title 4 · Conditions and specification of time

Section 158Conditions precedent and subsequent Section 159Retroactive effect Section 160Liability during the period pending fulfilment of the condition Section 161Ineffectiveness of dispositions in the period pending fulfilment of the condition Section 162Prevention of or bringing about the satisfaction of the condition Section 163Specification of time

Title 5 · Agency and authority

Section 164Effect of a declaration made by the agent Section 165Agent with limited capacity to contract Section 166Vitiation of intent; imputed knowledge Section 167Conferment of authority Section 168Expiry of authority Section 169Authority of the authorised representative and the managing partner Section 170Period of effectiveness of the authority Section 171Period of effectiveness in the case of announcement Section 172Letter of authorisation Section 173Period of effectiveness in the case of knowledge and negligent lack of knowledge Section 174Unilateral legal transaction by an authorised representative Section 175Return of the letter of authorisation Section 176Declaration of invalidity of the letter of authorisation Section 177Entry into contract by a representative having no power of agency Section 178Right of revocation of the other party Section 179Liability of a representative having no power of agency Section 180Unilateral legal transactions Section 181Contracting with oneself

Title 6 · Consent and ratification

Section 182Approval Section 183Revocability of consent Section 184Retroactive effect of ratification Section 185Disposition by an unauthorised person

Division 4 · Periods of time and fixed dates

Section 186Scope of applicability Section 187Beginning of a period of time Section 188End of a period of time Section 189Calculation of individual periods of time Section 190Extension of a period of time Section 191Calculation of periods of time Section 192Beginning, middle and end of a month Section 193Sundays and holidays; Saturdays

Title 1 · Subject-matter and duration of limitation

Section 194Subject-matter of limitation Section 195Standard limitation period Section 196Limitation period for rights to a plot of land Section 197Thirty-year limitation period Section 198Limitation in the case of a successor in title Section 199Commencement of the standard limitation period and maximum limitation periods Section 200Commencement of other limitation periods Section 201Commencement of the limitation period for recognised claims Section 202Inadmissibility of agreements on limitation

Title 2 · Suspension, suspension of expiry and recommencement of the limitation period

Section 203Suspension of limitation in the case of negotiations Section 204Suspension of limitation as a result of prosecution of rights Section 205Suspension of limitation in the case of a right to refuse performance Section 206Suspension of limitation in case of force majeure Section 207Suspension of limitation for reasons of family relationship and similar reasons Section 208Suspension of limitation in the case of claims for infringement of the right to sexual self-determination Section 209Effect of suspension Section 210Suspension of expiry of the limitation period in the case of persons without full capacity to contract Section 211Suspension of expiry of the limitation period in matters relating to estates Section 212Recommencement of the limitation period Section 213Suspension, suspension of expiry of the limitation period and recommencement of limitation in the case of other claims

Title 3 · Legal consequences of limitation

Section 214Effect of limitation Section 215Set-off and right of retention after a claim is statute-barred Section 216Effect of limitation in the case of secured claims Section 217Limitation of collateral performance Section 218Ineffectiveness of rescission

Division 6 · Exercise of rights, self-defence, self-help

Section 226Prohibition of chicanery Section 227Self-defence against persons Section 228Necessity Section 229Self-help Section 230Limits of self-help Section 231Self-help by mistake

Division 7 · Provision of security

Section 232Types Section 233Effect of deposit Section 234Suitable securities Section 235Right to exchange Section 236Book-entry securities Section 237Movable things Section 238Mortgages, land charges and annuity land charges Section 239Surety Section 240Duty to supplement security

Book 2
Law of obligations▸

Title 1 · Duty to render performance

Section 241Duties arising from an obligation Section 241aUnsolicited performance Section 242Performance in good faith Section 243Obligation described by class Section 244Foreign currency obligation Section 245Obligation payable in a specific denomination of money Section 246Statutory interest rate Section 247Basic rate of interest Section 248Compound interest Section 249Nature and extent of compensation of damages Section 250Damages in money after the specification of a period of time Section 251Damages in money without the specification of a period of time Section 252Lost profits Section 253Intangible damage Section 254Contributory negligence Section 255Assignment of claims to compensation Section 256Payment of interest on expenses Section 257Claim to release Section 258Right of removal Section 259Extent of duty to render accounts Section 260Duties when surrendering objects or providing information on an aggregate of objects Section 261Modification of a declaration in lieu of an oath; costs Section 262Alternative obligation; right of choice Section 263Exercise of the right of choice; effect Section 264Default by the person entitled to the right of choice Section 265Impossibility in case of alternative obligations Section 266Part performance Section 267Performance by third parties Section 268Right of redemption of a third party Section 269Place of performance Section 270Place of payment Section 270aAgreements on fees for the use of non-cash means of payment Section 271Time of performance Section 271aAgreements on payment deadlines, verification periods or periods for acceptance Section 272Interim interest Section 273Right of retention Section 274Effects of the right of retention Section 275Exclusion of the duty of performance Section 276Responsibility of the obligor Section 277Standard of care in one’s own affairs Section 278Responsibility of the obligor for third parties Section 279Section 279 Section 280Damages for breach of duty Section 281Damages in lieu of performance for non-performance or failure to render performance as owed Section 282Damages in lieu of performance for breach of a duty under section 241 (2) Section 283Damages in lieu of performance where the duty of performance is excluded Section 284Reimbursement of futile expenses Section 285Surrender of substitute benefit Section 286Default of the obligor Section 287Responsibility during default Section 288Default interest and other damage caused by default *) Section 289Prohibition of compound interest Section 290Interest on compensation for value Section 291Interest during legal proceedings Section 292Liability in the case of a duty to surrender

Title 2 · Default by the obligee

Section 293Default in acceptance Section 294Actual offer Section 295Verbal offer Section 296Dispensability of the offer Section 297Inability of the obligor Section 298Concurrent performance Section 299Temporary prevention of acceptance Section 300Effects of default by the obligee Section 301Cessation of interest Section 302Emoluments Section 303Right to abandon possession Section 304Compensation for extra expenses Section 305Incorporation of standard business terms into the contract Section 305aIncorporation in special cases Section 305bPriority of individually agreed terms Section 305cSurprising and ambiguous clauses Section 306Legal consequences of non-incorporation and ineffectiveness Section 306aProhibition of circumvention Section 307Test of reasonableness of contents Section 308Prohibited clauses with the possibility of valuation Section 309Prohibited clauses without the possibility of valuation Section 310Scope of application

Subtitle 1 · Creation

Section 311Obligations created by legal transaction and obligations similar to legal transactions Section 311aImpediment preventing performance at conclusion of contract Section 311bContracts on plots of land, assets and an estate Section 311cApplication to accessories Section 312Scope of application Section 312aGeneral obligations and principles applying to consumer contracts; limits to the agreement of remuneration

Chapter 2 · Off-premises contracts and distance contracts

Section 312bOff-premises contracts Section 312cDistance contracts Section 312dObligations to provide information Section 312eViolation of information obligations as to costs Section 312fCopies and confirmations Section 312gRight of withdrawal Section 312hTermination and authorisation to terminate

Chapter 3 · Contracts concluded in electronic commerce

Section 312iGeneral obligations in electronic commerce Section 312jSpecial obligations vis-à-vis consumers in electronic commerce

Chapter 4 · Deviating agreements and burden of proof

Section 312kDeviating agreements and burden of proof

Subtitle 3 · Adaptation and ending of contracts

Section 313Interference with the basis of the transaction Section 314Termination, for a compelling reason, of contracts for the performance of a continuing obligation

Subtitle 4 · Unilateral rights to specify performance

Section 315Specification of performance by one party Section 316Specification of consideration Section 317Specification of performance by a third party Section 318Avoidance of specification Section 319Ineffectiveness of the specification; substitution

Title 2 · Reciprocal contract

Section 320Defence of unperformed contract Section 321Defence of uncertainty Section 322Order to perform in return for, and concurrently with, performance Section 323Rescission for non-performance or for performance not as contractually agreed Section 324Rescission for breach of a duty under section 241 (2) Section 325Damages and revocation Section 326Release from consideration and rescission where the duty of performance is excluded

Subtitle 1 · Consumer contracts on digital products

Section 327Scope of application Section 327aApplication to bundle contracts and contracts relating to things with digital elements Section 327bSupply of digital products Section 327cRights in the case of failure to effect supply Section 327dConformity of digital products Section 327eProduct deficiency Section 327fUpdates Section 327gDefect of title Section 327hDeviating agreements on product features Section 327iRights of the consumer in the case of deficiencies Section 327jLimitation Section 327kShifting the burden of proof Section 327lCure Section 327mTermination of the contract and compensation of damages Section 327nAbatement Section 327oDeclaration of termination of contract and its legal consequences Section 327pContinued use following termination of the contract Section 327qConsequences under contract law of declarations governed by data protection law made by the consumer Section 327rModifications of digital products Section 327sDeviating agreements

Subtitle 2 · Special provisions on contracts on digital products between traders

Section 327tScope of application Section 327uRecourse of the trader

Title 3 · Promise of performance to a third party

Section 328Contract for the benefit of third parties Section 329Interpretation rule where there is an assumption of the duty to perform Section 330Interpretation rule in the case of life annuity contracts Section 331Performance after death Section 332Modification by disposition mortis causa in case of reservation Section 333Rejection of the right by the third party Section 334Objections of the obligor in relation to the third party Section 335Right of the promisee to make demands

Title 4 · Earnest, penalty for breach of contract

Section 336Interpretation of earnest Section 337Crediting or return of the earnest Section 338Earnest in case of impossibility of performance for which the giver of earnest is responsible Section 339Payability of penalty for breach of contract Section 340Promise to pay a penalty for non-performance Section 341Promise of a penalty for improper performance Section 342Alternatives to monetary penalty Section 343Reduction of the penalty Section 344Ineffective promise of a penalty Section 345Burden of proof

Subtitle 1 · Rescission

Section 346Effects of rescission Section 347Emoluments and outlays after rescission Section 348Satisfaction of obligations in return for, and concurrently with, performance Section 349Declaration of rescission Section 350Expiry of the right of rescission after a period of time has been specified Section 351Indivisibility of the right of rescission Section 352Set-off after non-performance Section 353Rescission in return for forfeit money Section 354Forfeiture of rights

Subtitle 2 · Right of withdrawal in the case of consumer contracts

Section 355Right of withdrawal in the case of consumer contracts Section 356Right of withdrawal in the case of off-premises contracts and distance contracts Section 356aRight of withdrawal in the case of timeshare contracts, long-term holiday product contracts, brokerage contracts, and exchange system contracts Section 356bRight of withdrawal in the case of consumer credit agreements Section 356cRight of withdrawal in the case of contracts for delivery by instalments Section 356dWithdrawal right of the consumer in the case of credit agreements for a gratuitous loan and in the case of gratuitous financial accommodation Section 356eRight of withdrawal in the case of construction contracts with consumers Section 357Legal consequences of the withdrawal from off-premises contracts and distance contracts, to the exception of contracts relating to financial services Section 357aLegal consequences of the withdrawal from contracts relating to financial services Section 357bLegal consequences of the withdrawal from timeshare, long-term holiday product, brokerage contracts, and exchange system contracts Section 357cLegal consequences of the withdrawal from contracts for delivery by instalments that are neither distance contracts nor off-premises contracts Section 357dLegal consequences of the withdrawal from a construction contract with a consumer Section 358Contracts linked to the contract from which the consumer has withdrawn Section 359Objections in the case of linked contracts Section 360Related contracts Section 361Further claims, deviating agreements and burden of proof

Title 1 · Performance

Section 362Extinction by performance Section 363Burden of proof in the case of acceptance as performance of contract Section 364Acceptance in lieu of performance of contract Section 365Warranty in the case of handover in lieu of performance of contract Section 366Crediting of performance to more than one claim Section 367Crediting to interest and costs Section 368Receipt Section 369Costs of the receipt Section 370Performance to the bringer of the receipt Section 371Return of the certificate of indebtedness

Title 2 · Deposit

Section 372Prerequisites Section 373Concurrent performance Section 374Place of deposit; duty to notify Section 375Retroactive effect with dispatch by mail Section 376Right to take back Section 377Unpledgeability of the right to take back Section 378Effect of deposit where taking back is excluded Section 379Effect of deposit where taking back is not excluded Section 380Proof of entitlement to receive Section 381Costs of deposit Section 382Extinction of the right of the obligee Section 383Auction of things not capable of deposit Section 384Warning of auction Section 385Sale by private agreement Section 386Costs of the auction

Title 3 · Set-off

Section 387Prerequisites Section 388Declaration of set-off Section 389Effect of set-off Section 390No set-off against a claim subject to a defence Section 391Set-off in the case of different places of performance Section 392Set-off against a seized claim Section 393No set-off against a claim in tort Section 394No set-off against an unpledgeable claim Section 395Set-off against claims of public-law corporations Section 396More than one claim

Title 4 · Forgiveness

Section 397Contract of forgiveness, acknowledgement of non-indebtedness

Division 5 · Transfer of a claim

Section 398Assignment Section 399Exclusion of assignment in case of change of content or by agreement Section 400Exclusion in case of unpledgeable claims Section 401Devolution of accessory rights and preferential rights Section 402Duty to provide information; provision of documents Section 403Duty of notarial recording Section 404Objections by the obligor Section 405Assignment with presentation of documents Section 406Set-off in relation to the new obligee Section 407Legal acts in relation to the previous obligee Section 408Multiple assignments Section 409Notice of assignment Section 410Delivery of the assignment document Section 411Assignment of salary Section 412Statutory devolution of claims Section 413Transfer of other rights

Division 6 · Assumption of debt

Section 414Contract between obligee and transferee Section 415Contract between obligor and transferee Section 416Assumption of a mortgage debt Section 417Objections of the transferee Section 418Extinction of security rights and preferential rights Section 419Section 419

Division 7 · More than one obligor and obligee

Section 420Divisible performance Section 421Joint and several debtors Section 422Effect of performance Section 423Effect of forgiveness Section 424Effect of default by the obligee Section 425Effect of other facts Section 426Duty to adjust advancements, devolution of claim Section 427Joint contractual duty Section 428Joint and several obligees Section 429Effect of changes Section 430Duty of the joint and several obligees to adjust advancements Section 431More than one obligor of indivisible performance Section 432More than one obligee of indivisible performance

Subtitle 1 · General provisions

Section 433Contractual duties typical for a purchase agreement Section 434Material defects Section 435Defects of title Section 436Public charges on plots of land Section 437Rights of buyer in the case of defects Section 438Limitation of claims for defects Section 439Cure Section 440Special provisions on rescission and damages Section 441Abatement of price Section 442Knowledge of the buyer Section 443Guarantee Section 444Exclusion of liability Section 445Limitation of liability in the case of public auctions Section 445aRecourse of the seller Section 445bLimitation of recourse claims Section 445cRecourse in the case of contracts on digital products Section 446Devolution of risk and of charges Section 447Devolution of risk in the case of sales shipment Section 448Costs of delivery and comparable costs Section 449Retention of title Section 450Excluded buyers in the case of certain sales Section 451Purchase by excluded buyer Section 452Purchase of a ship Section 453Purchase of rights, consumer contract on the purchase of digital content Section 454Coming into existence of the purchase agreement Section 455Approval period

Chapter 2 · Repurchase

Section 456Coming into existence of the repurchase agreement Section 457Liability of the reseller Section 458Removal of third-party rights Section 459Reimbursement of outlays Section 460Repurchase at estimated value Section 461More than one person entitled to repurchase Section 462Cut-off period

Chapter 3 · Preemption

Section 463Prerequisites for exercise Section 464Exercise of the right of preemption Section 465Ineffective agreements Section 466Collateral performance Section 467Total price Section 468Deferral of the purchase price Section 469Duty to notify, exercise period Section 470Sale to heir on intestacy Section 471Sale in case of compulsory enforcement or insolvency Section 472More than one person with a right of preemption Section 473Non-transferability Section 474Purchase of consumer goods Section 475Applicable provisions Section 475aContract for the sale of consumer goods relating to digital products Section 475bMaterial defect of a good with digital elements Section 475cMaterial defect of a good with digital elements where the digital elements are supplied on a continuous basis Section 475dSpecial provisions on rescission and compensation of damages Section 475eSpecial provisions on limitation Section 476Deviating agreements Section 477Shifting the burden of proof Section 478Special provisions concerning recourse by the trader Section 479Special provisions for guarantees

Subtitle 4 · Exchange

Section 480Exchange

Title 2 · Timeshare contracts, long-term holiday product contracts, brokerage contracts and exchange system contracts

Section 481Time share contracts Section 481aLong-term holiday product contract Section 481bFacilitation contract, exchange system contract Section 482Preliminary contract information, advertising and prohibition of sale as an investment Section 482aInstructions on the right of withdrawal Section 483Language of the contract and of the pre-contractual information Section 484Form and content of the contract Section 485Right of withdrawal Section 486Prohibition of down payment Section 486aSpecial provisions for long-term holiday product contracts Section 487Deviating agreements

Chapter 1 · General provisions

Section 488Contractual duties typical for a credit agreement Section 489Right of the borrower to give notice of termination in accordance with usual procedure Section 490Right to terminate for cause

Chapter 2 · Special provisions for consumer credit agreements

Section 491Consumer credit agreement Section 491aPreliminary contract information obligations with consumer credit agreements Section 492Written form, contents of the contract Section 492aTying practices in the case of consumer credit agreements relating to immovable property Section 492bPermissible tying practices Section 493Information during the contractual relationship Section 494Legal consequences of defects of form Section 495Right of withdrawal; reflection period Section 496Waiver of objections, prohibition of bills of exchange and cheques Section 497Default of the borrower Section 498Calling in entire loan in the case of loans repayable in instalments Section 499Right of the lender to terminate; right to refuse performance Section 500Termination right of the borrower; early repayment Section 501Cost reduction in the case of early repayment and in the case of termination Section 502Compensation for early repayment of a loan Section 503Conversion to an alternative currency of a foreign-currency consumer credit agreement relating to immovable property Section 504Granted overdraft Section 504aObligation to provide advisory services where the overdraft facility is used Section 505Tolerated overdraft Section 505aObligation to perform a creditworthiness assessment for consumer credit agreements Section 505bBasis of the creditworthiness assessment in the case of consumer credit agreements Section 505cFurther obligations in the case of consumer credit agreements relating to immovable property secured by a mortgage or by a charge on land Section 505dBreach of the obligation to conduct an assessment of creditworthiness Section 505eAuthorisation to issue statutory instruments Section 506Deferment of payment, other financial accommodation Section 507Instalment payment transactions Section 508Revocation with regard to instalment payment transactions Section 509Section 509

Subtitle 3 · Contracts for delivery by instalments between a trader and a consumer

Section 510Contracts for delivery by instalments

Subtitle 4 · Advisory services provided in the case of consumer credit agreements relating to immovable property

Section 511Advisory services provided in the case of consumer credit agreements relating to immovable property

Subtitle 5 · Mandatory nature, application to founders of new businesses

Section 512Deviating agreements Section 513Application to founders of new businesses

Subtitle 6 · Gratuitous credit agreements and gratuitous financial accommodation between a trader and a consumer

Section 514Gratuitous credit agreements Section 515Gratuitous financial accommodation

Title 4 · Donation

Section 516Concept of donation Section 516aConsumer contract on the donation of digital products Section 517Failure to acquire assets Section 518Form of promise of donation Section 519Defence of paying for necessaries Section 520Expiry of the promise of an annuity Section 521Liability of the donor Section 522No default interest Section 523Liability for defects of title Section 524Liability for material defects Section 525Donation subject to conditions Section 526Refusal to fulfil the condition Section 527Non-fulfilment of the condition Section 528Claim for return due to impoverishment of the donor Section 529Exclusion of claim for return Section 530Revocation of donation Section 531Declaration of revocation Section 532Exclusion of revocation Section 533Waiver of the right of revocation Section 534Donations for duty and decency

Subtitle 1 · General provisions for leases

Section 535Contents and primary duties of the lease agreement Section 536Abatement of the rent for material defects and defects of title Section 536aClaim of lessee for damages and reimbursement of expenses due to a defect Section 536bLessee knows of the defect at conclusion of the contract or upon acceptance Section 536cDefects occurring during the lease period; notice of defect by the lessee Section 536dContractual exclusion of rights of lessee with regard to defects Section 537Payment of rent when the lessee is unable to be present in person Section 538Wear and tear on the leased property from contractually agreed use Section 539Reimbursement of other expenses and right of removal of the lessee Section 540Making available the leased property for use use by third parties Section 541Application for prohibitory injunction in the case of use in breach of contract Section 542End of the lease Section 543Termination for cause without notice for a compelling reason Section 544Lease for more than 30 years Section 545Tacit extension of the lease Section 546Duty of lessee to return Section 546aCompensation of the lessor in the case of late return Section 547Reimbursement of rent paid in advance Section 548Limitation of compensation claims and of the right of removal Section 548aLease of digital products Section 549Provisions applicable to leases of residential space Section 550Form of the lease agreement Section 551Restriction and investment of rent security deposits Section 552Warding off the right of removal of the lessee Section 553Making residential space available for use by third parties Section 554Improved accessibility, e-mobility and burglary protection Section 555Ineffectiveness of a penalty for breach of contract

Chapter 1a · Structural maintenance and modernisation measures

Section 555aStructural maintenance measures Section 555bModernisation measures Section 555cAnnouncement of modernisation measures Section 555dToleration of modernisation measures, time limit Section 555eSpecial right of termination of the lessee in case of modernisation measures Section 555fAgreements on structural maintenance or modernisation measures

Subchapter 1 · Agreements on rent

Section 556Agreements on operating costs Section 556aAccounting criterion for operating costs Section 556bDue date of rent, right to set-off and right of retention Section 556cCosts of heat supply as operating costs, authorisation to issue statutory instruments

Subchapter 1a · Agreements on the rent amount at commencement of the lease in areas in which the housing market is under pressure

Section 556dPermissible rent amount at commencement of the lease; authorisation to issue statutory instruments Section 556eConsideration of the rent paid previously, or of modernisation work done Section 556fExceptions Section 556gLegal consequences; information on the rent

Subchapter 2 · Provisions on the rent amount

Section 557Increases in rent by agreement or law Section 557aStepped rent Section 557bIndexed rent Section 558Increase in rent up to the reference rent customary in the locality Section 558aForm and justification of the rent increase Section 558bApproval of a rent increase Section 558cList of representative rents Section 558dExpert list of representative rents Section 558eRent database Section 559Rent increase after modernisation measures Section 559aCrediting of third-party funds Section 559bAssertion of an increase; effect of declaration of increase Section 559cSimplified procedure Section 559dBreaches of duty in announcing or implementing structural changes Section 560Changes in operating costs Section 561Special right of termination of the lessee following a rent increase

Chapter 3 · Security right of the lessor

Section 562Extent of the security right of the lessor Section 562aExtinction of the security right of the lessor Section 562bSelf-help; claim to surrender Section 562cWarding off the security right by provision of security Section 562dAttachment by a third party

Chapter 4 · Change of contractual parties

Section 563Right of accession upon death of the lessee Section 563aContinuation with surviving lessees Section 563bLiability in the case of accession or continuation Section 564Continuation of the lease with the heir; termination for cause Section 565Commercial subletting Section 566Purchase is subject to existing leases Section 566aRent security deposit Section 566bAdvance disposition over the rent Section 566cAgreement between lessee and lessor on the rent Section 566dSet-off by the lessee Section 566eNotification by the lessor of the devolution of ownership Section 567Encumbrance of the residential space by the lessor Section 567aAlienation or encumbrance prior to residential space being made available for use Section 567bOnward alienation or encumbrance by the acquirer

Subchapter 1 · General provisions

Section 568Form and contents of the notice of termination Section 569Termination for cause without notice for a compelling reason Section 570Exclusion of the right of retention Section 571Further compensation of damages for late return of residential space Section 572Agreement on right of rescission; lease subject to condition subsequent

Subchapter 2 · Leases for an indefinite period of time

Section 573Notice of termination by the lessor in accordance with usual procedure Section 573aEased termination by the lessor Section 573bPartial termination by the lessor Section 573cPeriods of time to be observed in giving notice of termination in accordance with usual procedure Section 573dTermination for cause observing the statutory notice period Section 574Objection of lessee to termination Section 574aContinuation of lease after objection Section 574bRequirements as to form and period of time for objection Section 574cFurther continuation of the lease in the case of unforeseen circumstances

Subchapter 3 · Leases for a specified period of time

Section 575Fixed-term lease Section 575aTermination for cause observing the statutory notice period

Subchapter 4 · Tied dwellings

Section 576Periods of time to be observed in giving notice of termination in accordance with usual procedure in the case of tied leased dwellings Section 576aSpecial features of the right to raise an objection in the case of tied leased dwellings Section 576bApplication of landlord and tenant law accordingly in connection with tied dwellings

Chapter 6 · Special features when creating title to leased residences

Section 577Lessee’s right of preemption Section 577aRestriction of termination in connection with conversion of the dwelling

Subtitle 3 · Leases of other things and digital products

Section 578Leases of plots of land and premises Section 578aLease of registered ships Section 578bContracts on the lease of digital products Section 579Due date of the rent Section 580Notice of termination for cause in the case of the death of the lessee Section 580aNotice periods

Subtitle 4 · Usufructuary lease

Section 581Contractual duties typical for a usufructuary lease Section 582Maintenance of inventory Section 582aAssumption of inventory at its estimated value Section 583Security right of usufructuary lessee over inventory Section 583aRestrictions on disposition over inventory Section 584Period of notice Section 584aExclusion of certain rights of termination under landlord and tenant law Section 584bLate return

Subtitle 5 · Farm lease

Section 585Concept of farm lease Section 585aForm of a farm lease Section 585bDescription of the leased property Section 586Contractual duties typical for a farm lease Section 586aEncumbrances on the leased property Section 587Due date of rent; payment of rent where the usufructuary lessee is personally prevented Section 588Measures of maintenance or improvement Section 589Making available the leased property to third parties for their use Section 590Change of agricultural purpose or of previous use Section 590aUse in breach of contract Section 590bNecessary outlays Section 591Outlays that increase value Section 591aRemoval of installations Section 591bLimitation of compensation claims Section 592Security right of the usufructuary lessor Section 593Amendment of farm leases Section 593aTransfer of a business Section 593bAlienation or encumbrance of the leased property Section 594Termination and extension of the lease Section 594aNotice periods Section 594bLease for more than 30 years Section 594cTermination in the case of occupational disability of the usufructuary lessee Section 594dDeath of the usufructuary lessee Section 594eTermination for cause without notice for a compelling reason Section 594fWritten form of termination Section 595Continuation of the lease Section 595aEarly notice of termination of farm leases Section 596Return of the leased property Section 596aDuty to compensate for early termination of lease Section 596bDuty to leave behind Section 597Late return

Title 6 · Gratuitous loan

Section 598Contractual duties typical for the case of a gratuitous loan Section 599Liability of the lender Section 600Liability for defects Section 601Reimbursement of outlays Section 602Wear and tear on the thing Section 603Contractually agreed use Section 604Duty to return Section 605Right of termination Section 606Short limitation period

Title 7 · Contract for the loan of a thing

Section 607Contractual duties typical for a contract for the loan of a thing Section 608Termination Section 609Payment Section 610Section 610

Subtitle 1 · Service contract

Section 611Contractual duties typical for a service contract Section 611aEmployment contract Section 611bSection 611b Section 612Remuneration Section 612aProhibition of victimisation Section 613Non-transferability Section 613aRights and duties in the case of transfer of business Section 614Due date of remuneration Section 615Remuneration in the case of default in acceptance and business risk Section 616Temporary prevention from performing services Section 617Duty of medical care Section 618Duty to take protective measures Section 619Absolute nature of welfare duties Section 619aBurden of proof when the employee is liable Section 620End of services relationship Section 621Periods of notice for service relationships Section 622Notice periods in the case of employment relationships Section 623Written form of termination Section 624Notice period in the case of contracts lasting longer than five years Section 625Tacit extension Section 626Termination without notice for a compelling reason Section 627Termination without notice in the case of a position of trust Section 628Partial remuneration and damages in case of termination without notice Section 629Time off for search for employment Section 630Duty to provide a reference

Subtitle 2 · Treatment contract

Section 630aContractual duties typical for a treatment contract Section 630bApplicable provisions Section 630cCooperation between the contracting parties; obligations to provide information Section 630dConsent Section 630eObligations to provide information Section 630fDocumentation of the treatment Section 630gInspection of the medical records Section 630hBurden of proof in case of liability for malpractice and errors in providing information

Chapter 1 · General provisions

Section 631Contractual duties typical for a contract to produce a work Section 632Remuneration Section 632aPart payments Section 633Material defects and defects of title Section 634Rights of the customer in the case of defects Section 634aLimitation of claims for defects Section 635Cure Section 636Special provisions on rescission and damages Section 637Self-help Section 638Abatement of price Section 639Exclusion of liability Section 640Acceptance Section 641Due date of remuneration Section 641aSection 641a Section 642Cooperation by the customer Section 643Termination for failure to collaborate Section 644Allocation of risk Section 645Responsibility of the customer Section 646Completion in lieu of acceptance Section 647Security right of the contractor Section 647aMortgage of the owner of a shipyard Section 648Right of termination of the customer Section 648aTermination for a compelling reason Section 649Cost estimate Section 650Contract for work and materials; consumer contract on the production of digital products

Chapter 2 · Construction contract

Section 650aConstruction contract Section 650bAmendment of the contract; right of the customer to issue orders Section 650cAdjustment of remuneration in case of orders pursuant to section 650b (2) Section 650dInjunction Section 650eMortgage of a building contractor Section 650fBuilder’s security Section 650gDetermination of the status in the case of acceptance being refused; final invoice Section 650hWritten form of the termination

Chapter 3 · Construction contract with a consumer

Section 650iConstruction contract with a consumer Section 650jSpecifications Section 650kSubject matter of the contract Section 650lRight of withdrawal Section 650mPart payments; security for the claim to remuneration Section 650nPreparation of documents and surrender

Chapter 4 · Mandatory nature

Section 650oDeviating agreements

Subtitle 2 · Contract for architectural services and contract for engineering services

Section 650pContractual duties typical for contracts for architectural and for engineering services Section 650qApplicable provisions Section 650rSpecial right of termination Section 650sPartial acceptance Section 650tJoint and several liability with the contractor executing the construction work

Subtitle 3 · Developer contract

Section 650uDeveloper contract; applicable provisions Section 650vPart payments

Subtitle 4 · Package travel contract, brokerage of travel contracts and brokerage of linked travel arrangements

Section 651aContractual duties typical for a package travel contract Section 651bDelimitation from brokerage Section 651cLinked online booking processes Section 651dObligations to provide information; contents of the contract Section 651eTransfer of contract Section 651fReservations of the right to modify; price reduction Section 651gSignificant amendments of the contract Section 651hRescission before the start of the package Section 651iRights of the traveller in the case of a lack of conformity of the package Section 651jLimitation Section 651kRemedy Section 651lTermination Section 651mAbatement of the price Section 651nDamages Section 651oNotification by the traveller of a lack of conformity Section 651pAdmissible limitation of liability; set-off Section 651qOrganiser’s obligation to provide assistance Section 651rInsolvency protection; security certificate Section 651sInsolvency protection of the organisers established in the European Economic Area Section 651tRepatriation, prepayments Section 651uExchange student stays Section 651vFacilitation of travel Section 651wFacilitation of linked travel arrangements Section 651xLiability for booking errors Section 651yDeviating agreements

Subtitle 1 · General provisions

Section 652Accrual of fee claim Section 653Brokerage fee Section 654Forfeiture of the fee claim Section 655Reduction of the brokerage fee

Subtitle 2 · Intermediation of consumer credit agreements and non-gratuitous financial accommodation

Section 655aCredit intermediation contract Section 655bWritten form in the case of a contract with a consumer Section 655cRemuneration Section 655dAncillary payment Section 655eDeviating agreements, application to founders of new businesses

Subtitle 3 · Marriage broking

Section 656Marriage broking

Subtitle 4 · Brokerage of purchase contracts for flats and single family houses

Section 656aText form Section 656bPersonal scope of sections 656c and 656d Section 656cFee claim in the case of the broker working for both parties Section 656dAgreements on the broker’s costs

Title 11 · Promise of a reward

Section 657Binding promise Section 658Revocation Section 659Act undertaken more than once Section 660Collaboration by more than one person Section 661Prize competition Section 661aPromises of prizes

Subtitle 1 · Mandate

Section 662Contractual duties typical for a mandate Section 663Duty to notify in the case of rejection Section 664Non-transferability; liability for assistants Section 665Deviation from instructions Section 666Duty of information and duty to render accounts Section 667Duty to surrender Section 668Interest on money used Section 669Duty of advance payment Section 670Reimbursement of expenses Section 671Withdrawal; termination Section 672Death or incapacity to contract of the mandator Section 673Death of the mandatary Section 674Legal construct of continuation

Subtitle 2 · Contract for the management of the affairs of another

Section 675Non-gratuitous management of the affairs of another Section 675aDuties to provide information Section 675bOrders to transfer securities in systems

Chapter 1 · General provisions

Section 675cPayment services and e-money Section 675dInformation on payment services Section 675eDeviating agreements

Chapter 2 · Payment services contract

Section 675fPayment services contract Section 675gAmendment of the framework contract on payment services Section 675hNotice of termination in accordance with usual procedure of a framework contract on payment services Section 675iExceptions for low-value payment instruments and e-money

Subchapter 1 · Authorisation of payment transactions; payment instruments; refusal of access to the payment account

Section 675jConsent and withdrawal of consent Section 675kRestrictions on the use of a payment instrument; refusal of access to the payment account Section 675lObligations of the payment service user with regard to payment instruments Section 675mObligations of the payment service provider with regard to payment instruments; risk of dispatch

Subchapter 2 · Execution of payment transactions

Section 675nReceipt of payment orders Section 675oRefusal of payment orders Section 675pIrrevocability of a payment order Section 675qCharges for payment transactions Section 675rExecution of a payment transaction using unique identifiers Section 675sExecution deadline for payment transactions Section 675tValue date and availability of funds; blocking available funds

Subchapter 3 · Liability

Section 675uLiability of the payment service provider for unauthorised payment transactions Section 675vLiability of the payer in case of misappropriation of a payment instrument Section 675wProof of authentication Section 675xRefund claim in case of an authorised payment transaction initiated by or through the payee Section 675yLiability of the payment service provider in case of non-execution, defective or late execution of a payment order; obligation to make enquiries Section 675zOther claims in case of non-execution, defective or late execution of a payment order or in case of an unauthorised payment transaction Section 676Proof of execution of payment transactions Section 676aEqualisation claim Section 676bNotification of unauthorised or incorrectly executed payment transactions Section 676cDisclaimer

Title 13 · Voluntary agency without specific authorisation

Section 677Duties of the voluntary agent Section 678Agency contrary to the will of the principal Section 679Irrelevance of the contrary will of the principal Section 680Agency of necessity Section 681Ancillary duties of the voluntary agent Section 682Lack of capacity to contract on the part of the voluntary agent Section 683Reimbursement of expenses Section 684Surrender of enrichment Section 685Intention to donate Section 686Error as to the identity of the principal Section 687False voluntary agency without specific authorisation

Title 14 · Safekeeping

Section 688Contractual duties typical for safekeeping Section 689Remuneration Section 690Liability for gratuitous safekeeping Section 691Deposit with third parties Section 692Change of safekeeping Section 693Reimbursement of expenses Section 694Liability in damages of the depositor Section 695Right of the depositor to demand return Section 696Claim of depositary for repossession of the thing deposited Section 697Place for return Section 698Interest on money used Section 699Due date of remuneration Section 700Irregular safekeeping contract

Title 15 · Bringing things onto the premises of innkeepers

Section 701Liability of the innkeeper Section 702Limitation of liability; valuables Section 702aRelease from liability Section 703Extinction of the claim for damages Section 704Security right of the innkeeper

Title 16 · Partnership

Section 705Contents of partnership agreement Section 706Contributions of the partners Section 707Increase of the agreed contribution Section 707dAuthorisation to issue statutory instruments Section 708Liability of the partners Section 709Joint management Section 710Transfer of management Section 711Right to object Section 712Revocation and dismissal of management Section 713Rights and duties of managing partners Section 714Power of agency Section 715Revocation of the power of agency Section 716Right of control of the partners Section 717Non-transferability of partner rights Section 718Partnership assets Section 719Joint assets Section 720Protection of good-faith debtor Section 721Distribution of profits and losses Section 722Shares in profits and losses Section 723Termination by partner Section 724Notice of termination in the case of a partnership for life or a continuing partnership Section 725Termination by attachment creditors Section 726Dissolution due to achievement or impossibility of its object Section 727Dissolution due to the death of a partner Section 728Dissolution due to insolvency of the partnership or one of its partners Section 729Continuation of authority to manage Section 730Winding-up of the partnership; management Section 731Procedure for winding-up of the partnership Section 732Return of objects Section 733Discharge of partnership debts; reimbursement of capital contributions Section 734Distribution of the surplus Section 735Duty to make subsequent contributions in case of loss Section 736Retirement of a partner; continuing liability Section 737Exclusion of a partner Section 738Winding-up of the partnership on retirement Section 739Liability for deficit Section 740Sharing in the financial results of pending transactions

Title 17 · Co-ownership

Section 741Co-ownership by defined shares Section 742Equal shares Section 743Share in the fruits; authority to use Section 744Joint administration Section 745Administration and use by resolution Section 746Effect in relation to successors in interest Section 747Disposition over a share and joint objects Section 748Bearing of charges and costs Section 749Claim to dissolution Section 750Exclusion of dissolution in case of death Section 751Exclusion of dissolution and successors in interest Section 752Division in kind Section 753Division by sale Section 754Sale of joint claims Section 755Discharge of a joint debt Section 756Discharge of the debt of a part owner Section 757Warranty upon allocation to a part owner Section 758Claim to dissolution not subject to the statute of limitations

Title 18 · Life annuity

Section 759Duration and amount of the annuity Section 760Advance payment Section 761Form of life annuity commitment

Title 19 · Imperfect obligations

Section 762Gaming, betting Section 763Lottery contracts and gaming contracts Section 764Section 764

Title 20 · Suretyship

Section 765Contractual duties typical for suretyship Section 766Written form of the declaration of suretyship Section 767Extent of the suretyship debt Section 768Defences of a surety Section 769Co-suretyship Section 770Defences of voidability and set-off Section 771Defence of failure to pursue remedies Section 772Duty of creditor of enforcement and realisation Section 773Exclusion of defence of failure to pursue remedies Section 774Statutory devolution of claims Section 775Claim to release of the surety Section 776Waiver of a security Section 777Temporary suretyship Section 778Credit mandate

Title 21 · Settlement

Section 779Concept of settlement; mistake as to the basis of the settlement

Title 22 · Promise to fulfil an obligation; acknowledgement of debt

Section 780Promise to fulfil an obligation Section 781Acknowledgement of a debt Section 782No requirements as to form for settlement

Title 23 · Order

Section 783Rights derived from instruction Section 784Acceptance of the instruction Section 785Handover of the instruction Section 786Section 786 Section 787Instruction to assume debt Section 788Underlying debt relationship Section 789Duty of recipient of the document setting out the instruction to notify Section 790Revocation of the instruction Section 791Death or incapacity to contract of a party involved Section 792Transfer of the instruction

Title 24 · Bearer bond

Section 793Rights under a bearer bond Section 794Liability of the issuer Section 795Section 795 Section 796Objections of the issuer Section 797Duty to render performance only in return for handover Section 798Replacement instrument Section 799Declaration of invalidity Section 800Effect of the declaration of invalidity Section 801Extinction; prescription Section 802Blockage of payment Section 803Interest coupons Section 804Loss of interest coupons or similar coupons Section 805New interest coupons and annuity coupons Section 806Reregistration under name Section 807Bearer tickets and stamps Section 808Registered securities with bearer clause

Title 25 · Presentation of things

Section 809Inspection of a thing Section 810Right to inspect instruments Section 811Place of presentation, risk and costs

Title 26 · Unjust enrichment

Section 812Claim to surrender Section 813Performance notwithstanding defence Section 814Knowledge that debt is not owed Section 815Non-occurrence of result Section 816Disposition by an unauthorised person Section 817Breach of law or act offending common decency Section 818Scope of the claim to enrichment Section 819Increased liability in case of knowledge and in cases of breaches of law or acts offending common decency Section 820Increased liability where the result is uncertain Section 821Enrichment defence Section 822Duty to surrender of third parties

Title 27 · Torts

Section 823Liability in damages Section 824Endangering credit Section 825Inducing others to sexual acts Section 826Intentional damage inflicted in a manner offending common decency Section 827Exclusion and reduction of responsibility Section 828Minors Section 829Liability in damages for reasons of equity Section 830Joint tortfeasors and persons involved Section 831Liability for vicarious agents Section 832Liability of a person with a duty of supervision Section 833Liability of animal keeper Section 834Liability of animal minder Section 835Section 835 Section 836Liability of the owner of a plot of land Section 837Liability of building possessor Section 838Liability of the person with a duty of upkeep regarding a building Section 839Liability in case of breach of official duty Section 839aLiability of court-appointed expert Section 840Liability of more than one person Section 841Compensation for liability of a public official Section 842Extent of liability in damages in case of injury of a person Section 843Annuity in money or lump sum settlement Section 844Third-party compensation claims in the case of death Section 845Compensation claims for lost services Section 846Contributory negligence of the injured person Section 847Section 847 Section 848Liability for chance in the case of deprivation of a thing Section 849Interest on the compensation sum Section 850Reimbursement of outlays Section 851Compensation payment to unauthorised parties Section 852Claim to surrender after end of limitation period Section 853Defence of bad faith

Book 3
Law of property▸

Division 1 · Possession

Section 854Acquisition of possession Section 855Agent in possession Section 856Ending of possession Section 857Inheritability Section 858Prohibited interference with possession Section 859Self-help by the possessor Section 860Self-help by the agent in possession Section 861Claim on account of deprivation of possession Section 862Claim on account of interference with possession Section 863Objections of the party depriving of possession or of the disturber Section 864Extinction of claims to possession Section 865Part possession Section 866Co-possession Section 867Possessor’s right of pursuit Section 868Indirect possession Section 869Claims of the indirect possessor Section 870Transfer of indirect possession Section 871Multilevel indirect possession Section 872Proprietary possession

Division 2 · General provisions on rights in land

Section 873Acquisition by agreement and registration Section 874Reference to approval of registration Section 875Cancellation of a right Section 876Cancellation of an encumbered right Section 877Alterations of rights Section 878Subsequent restrictions on disposition Section 879Order of priority of more than one right Section 880Change of priority Section 881Reservation of priority Section 882Maximum amount of compensation for lost value Section 883Prerequisites and effect of priority notice Section 884Effect in relation to heirs Section 885Prerequisite for the entry of the priority notice Section 886Claim for removal Section 887Judicial call of the priority notice claimant Section 888Claim to approval of the person entitled to the priority notice Section 889Exclusion of merger for rights in rem Section 890Union of plots of land; addition Section 891Statutory presumption Section 892Presumption of legal force of the contents of the Land Register Section 893Legal transaction with the person entered in the Land Register Section 894Correction of the Land Register Section 895Prior entry of the person obliged Section 896Submission of certificate Section 897Costs of correction Section 898Claims to correction not subject to the statute of limitations Section 899Entry of an objection Section 899aProvisos for civil-law partnerships Section 900Acquisition by prescription following entry in the Land Register Section 901Extinction of rights not entered in the Land Register Section 902Rights entered in the Land Register not subject to the statute of limitations

Title 1 · Subject matter of ownership

Section 903Powers of the owner Section 904Necessity Section 905Restriction of ownership Section 906Introduction of imponderable substances Section 907Facilities threatening danger Section 908Imminent collapse of building Section 909Excavation Section 910Overhang Section 911Falling fruit Section 912Encroachment; duty to tolerate Section 913Payment of periodical payments for encroachment Section 914Priority, registration and extinction of periodical payments Section 915Purchase Section 916Adverse effect on heritable building right or servitude Section 917Right of way of necessity Section 918Exclusion of the right of way of necessity Section 919Boundary marking Section 920Confusion of boundaries Section 921Joint use of boundary installations Section 922Manner of use and maintenance Section 923Boundary tree Section 924Neighbour-law claims not subject to the statute of limitations

Title 2 · Acquisition and loss of ownership of plots of land

Section 925Declaration of conveyance Section 925aDocument of land transaction Section 926Accessories of the plot of land Section 927Judicial call procedure Section 928Relinquishment of ownership, appropriation by fiscal authority

Subtitle 1 · Transfer

Section 929Agreement and delivery Section 929aAgreement with regard to unregistered ship Section 930Constructive delivery Section 931Assignment of claim to surrender Section 932Good faith acquisition from a person not entitled Section 932aGood faith acquisition of unregistered ships Section 933Good faith acquisition on constructive delivery Section 934Good faith acquisition on assignment of claim to surrender Section 935No good faith acquisition of lost things Section 936Extinction of third party rights

Subtitle 2 · Acquisition by prescription

Section 937Prerequisites, exclusion in the case of knowledge Section 938Presumption of proprietary possession Section 939Suspension of prescription Section 940Interruption by loss of possession Section 941Interruption by act of execution Section 942Effect of interruption Section 943Acquisition by prescription and succession in title Section 944Possessor of an inheritance Section 945Extinction of third party rights

Subtitle 3 · Combination, intermixture, processing

Section 946Combination with a plot of land Section 947Combination with movable things Section 948Intermixture Section 949Extinction of third party rights Section 950Processing Section 951Compensation for loss of rights Section 952Ownership of documents of debt

Subtitle 4 · Acquisition of products and other components of a thing

Section 953Ownership of separated products and components Section 954Acquisition by person entitled in rem Section 955Acquisition by proprietary possessor in good faith Section 956Acquisition by person entitled in personam Section 957Permission by the person not entitled

Subtitle 5 · Appropriation

Section 958Acquisition of ownership of ownerless movable things Section 959Abandonment of ownership Section 960Wild animals Section 961Loss of ownership of bee swarms Section 962Right of pursuit of the owner Section 963Merging of bee swarms Section 964Intermixture of bee swarms

Subtitle 6 · Finding

Section 965Duty of the finder to notify Section 966Duty of safekeeping Section 967Duty to deliver Section 968Extent of liability Section 969Surrender to the loser Section 970Reimbursement of expenses Section 971Finder’s reward Section 972Right of retention of the finder Section 973Acquisition of ownership by the finder Section 974Acquisition of ownership after concealment Section 975Rights of the finder after delivery Section 976Acquisition of ownership by the municipality Section 977Claim in enrichment Section 978Finding in public authority or transport agency Section 979Sale; authorisation to issue an ordinance Section 980Notice by publication of the finding Section 981Receipt of the proceeds of auction Section 982Provisions for implementation Section 983Undeliverable things in the possession of authorities Section 984Treasure trove

Title 4 · Claims arising from ownership

Section 985Claim to surrender Section 986Objections of the possessor Section 987Emoluments after litigation is pending Section 988Emoluments of the possessor who makes no payment Section 989Damages after litigation is pending Section 990Liability of possessor with knowledge Section 991Liability of intermediary possessor in the case of indirect possession Section 992Liability of the wrongful possessor Section 993Liability of the possessor in good faith Section 994Necessary outlays Section 995Charges Section 996Useful outlays Section 997Right of removal Section 998Farming costs for agricultural plot of land Section 999Reimbursement of outlays of the predecessor in title Section 1000Right of retention of the possessor Section 1001Action for reimbursement of outlays Section 1002Extinction of the claim for outlays Section 1003Right to satisfaction of the possessor Section 1004Claim for removal and injunction Section 1005Right of pursuit Section 1006Presumption of ownership for possessor Section 1007Claims of the former possessor, exclusion in the case of knowledge

Title 5 · Co-ownership

Section 1008Co-ownership by fractional shares Section 1009Encumbrance to the benefit of a co-owner Section 1010Successor in interest of a co-owner Section 1011Claims arising from co-ownership Section 1012-1017Section 1012-1017

Title 1 · Easements

Section 1018Statutory definition of easement Section 1019Benefit of the dominant plot of land Section 1020Considerate use Section 1021Agreed duty of maintenance Section 1022Installations on building structures Section 1023Moving the use Section 1024Coincidence of more than one right of use Section 1025Division of the dominant plot of land Section 1026Division of the servient plot of land Section 1027Interference with easement Section 1028Limitation Section 1029Protection of possession of the lawful possessor Section 1030Statutory definition of usufruct in things Section 1031Application to accessories Section 1032Creation of usufruct in movable things Section 1033Acquisition by prescription Section 1034Determination of the condition Section 1035Usufruct in aggregate of things; list Section 1036Right of possession; exercise of usufruct Section 1037Transformation Section 1038Economic plan for forests and mines Section 1039Excessive taking of fruits Section 1040Treasure Section 1041Upkeep of the thing Section 1042Duty of notification by the usufructuary Section 1043Repair or replacement Section 1044Toleration of repairs Section 1045Obligation of the usufructuary to insure Section 1046Usufruct in an insurance claim Section 1047Bearing of charges Section 1048Usufruct in plot of land with inventory Section 1049Reimbursement of outlays Section 1050Wear and tear Section 1051Provision of security Section 1052Judicial administration in the absence of security Section 1053Application for a prohibitory injunction in the case of unauthorised use Section 1054Judicial administration on the basis of breach of duty Section 1055Duty of return of the usufructuary Section 1056Leases and usufructuary leases at the end of the usufruct Section 1057Limitation of compensation claims Section 1058Grantor as owner Section 1059Non-transferability; ceding the exercise Section 1059aTransferability in the case of a legal person or of a partnership having legal personality Section 1059bNon-distrainability Section 1059cDevolution or transfer of usufruct Section 1059dLeases and usufructuary leases on the transfer of the usufruct Section 1059eClaim to grant of the usufruct Section 1060Coincidence of more than one right of use Section 1061Death of the usufructuary Section 1062Extension of cancellation to accessories Section 1063Coincidence with ownership Section 1064Cancellation of usufruct in movable things Section 1065Adverse effect on right of usufruct Section 1066Usufruct in the share of a co-owner Section 1067Usufruct in consumable things

Subtitle 2 · Usufruct in rights

Section 1068Statutory definition of usufruct in rights Section 1069Creation Section 1070Usufruct in a right to performance Section 1071Cancellation or alteration of the encumbered right Section 1072Termination of usufruct Section 1073Usufruct in a life annuity Section 1074Usufruct in a claim; notice and collection Section 1075Effect of performance Section 1076Usufruct in claim bearing interest Section 1077Notice of termination and payment Section 1078Cooperation in collection Section 1079Investment of the capital Section 1080Usufruct in a land charge or annuity land charge Section 1081Usufruct in bearer instruments or instruments made out to order Section 1082Deposit Section 1083Cooperation in collection Section 1084Consumable things

Subtitle 3 · Usufruct in assets

Section 1085Creation of usufruct in assets Section 1086Rights of the creditors of the grantor Section 1087Relationship between usufructuary and grantor Section 1088Liability of the usufructuary Section 1089Usufruct in an inheritance Section 1090Statutory definition of the restricted personal easement Section 1091Scope Section 1092Non-transferability; ceding the exercise Section 1093Right of residence

Division 5 · Right of preemption

Section 1094Statutory contents of the in-rem right of preemption Section 1095Encumbrance of a fraction Section 1096Application to accessories Section 1097Creation for one or more cases of sale Section 1098Effect of a right of preemption Section 1099Notifications Section 1100Rights of the purchaser Section 1101Release of the person entitled Section 1102Release of the purchaser Section 1103Subjective in-rem right of preemption and personal right of preemption Section 1104Exclusion of unknown entitled persons

Division 6 · Charges on land

Section 1105Statutory contents of the charge on land Section 1106Encumbrance of a fraction Section 1107Individual payments Section 1108Personal liability of the owner Section 1109Division of the dominant plot of land Section 1110Subjective in-rem charge on land Section 1111Personal charge on land Section 1112Exclusion of unknown entitled persons

Title 1 · Mortgage

Section 1113Statutory contents of the mortgage Section 1114Encumbrance of a fraction Section 1115Entry of the mortgage Section 1116Certificated and uncertificated mortgage Section 1117Acquisition of the certificated mortgage Section 1118Liability for incidental claims Section 1119Extension of liability for interest Section 1120Extension to products, parts and accessories Section 1121Release from liability through alienation and removal Section 1122Release from liability without alienation Section 1123Extension to claim for rent or for usufructuary rent Section 1124Advance disposition over the rent or usufructuary rent Section 1125Set-off against rent or usufructuary rent Section 1126Extension to recurring acts of performance Section 1127Extension to insurance claim Section 1128Insurance on buildings Section 1129Other insurance against damage Section 1130Replacement clause Section 1131Addition of a plot of land Section 1132Blanket mortgage Section 1133Danger to the security of the mortgage Section 1134Application for an injunction Section 1135Deterioration of accessories Section 1136Restraint on disposition by legal transaction Section 1137Defences of the owner Section 1138Presumption of legal force of the contents of the Land Register Section 1139Objection with regard to an uncertificated mortgage for a loan Section 1140Mortgage certificate and inaccuracy of the Land Register Section 1141Notice of termination of the mortgage Section 1142Owner’s right to provide satisfaction Section 1143Devolution of claim Section 1144Handover of documents Section 1145Partial satisfaction Section 1146Default interest Section 1147Satisfaction by compulsory enforcement Section 1148Fiction of ownership Section 1149Prohibited agreements on satisfaction Section 1150Right of redemption of third parties Section 1151Change of priority for partial mortgages Section 1152Partial mortgage certificate Section 1153Transfer of mortgage and claim Section 1154Assignment of the claim Section 1155Presumption of legal force of certified declarations of assignment Section 1156Legal relationship between the owner and the new creditor Section 1157Continuation of defences against the mortgage Section 1158Future collateral performance Section 1159Arrears of collateral performance Section 1160Enforcement of a certificated mortgage Section 1161Enforcement of the claim Section 1162Judicial call with regard to the mortgage certificate Section 1163Owner mortgage Section 1164Devolution of the mortgage to the debtor Section 1165Discharge of the debtor Section 1166Notification of the debtor Section 1167Delivery of correction documents Section 1168Waiver of the mortgage Section 1169Defence with a negative effect on a right Section 1170Exclusion of unknown creditors Section 1171Exclusion by deposit Section 1172Owner blanket mortgage Section 1173Satisfaction by one of the owners Section 1174Satisfaction by the personal debtor Section 1175Waiver of the blanket mortgage Section 1176Owner partial mortgage; conflict clause Section 1177Owner land charge, owner mortgage Section 1178Mortgage for collateral performance and costs Section 1179Priority notice of right to deletion Section 1179aClaim to deletion in the case of third party rights Section 1179bClaim to deletion based on one’s own right Section 1180Substitution for the claim Section 1181Extinction by satisfaction from the plot of land Section 1182Transfer in the case of satisfaction from the blanket mortgage Section 1183Cancellation of the mortgage Section 1184Debt-securing mortgage Section 1185Uncertificated mortgage; inapplicable provisions Section 1186Permitted conversions Section 1187Debt-securing mortgage for bearer instruments and instruments made out to order Section 1188Special provision for bearer bonds Section 1189Appointment of a Land Register representative Section 1190Maximum amount mortgage Section 1191Statutory contents of the land charge Section 1192Applicable provisions Section 1193Termination Section 1194Place of payment Section 1195Bearer land charge Section 1196Owner land charge Section 1197Deviations from third party land charge Section 1198Permitted conversions

Subtitle 2 · Annuity land charge

Section 1199Statutory contents of the annuity land charge Section 1200Applicable provisions Section 1201Right of redemption Section 1202Termination Section 1203Permitted conversions

Title 1 · Pledge of movable things

Section 1204Statutory contents of the pledge of movable things Section 1205Creation Section 1206Replacement of delivery by granting joint possession Section 1207Pledging by an unauthorised person Section 1208Acquisition of priority of rank in good faith Section 1209Priority of the pledge Section 1210Extent of liability of the pledge Section 1211Defences of the pledgor Section 1212Extension to separated products Section 1213Pledge of emoluments Section 1214Duties of the pledgee entitled to emoluments Section 1215Duty of safekeeping Section 1216Reimbursement of outlays Section 1217Violation of rights by the pledgee Section 1218Rights of the pledgor in the case of imminent spoilage Section 1219Rights of the pledgee in the case of imminent spoilage Section 1220Warning of auction Section 1221Sale by private agreement Section 1222Pledge of more than one thing Section 1223Duty to return the pledged item; right to redeem the pledged item Section 1224Satisfaction by deposit or set-off Section 1225Devolution of claim to the pledgor Section 1226Limitation of compensation claims Section 1227Protection of the pledge Section 1228Satisfaction by sale of the pledged item Section 1229Prohibition of a forfeiture agreement Section 1230Selection of pledged item from more than one pledged item Section 1231Surrender of pledged item for sale Section 1232Lower-ranking pledgees Section 1233Execution of the sale Section 1234Warning of sale; waiting period Section 1235Public auction Section 1236Place of auction Section 1237Notice by publication Section 1238Conditions of sale Section 1239Bidding by creditor and owner Section 1240Things made of gold or silver Section 1241Notification of the owner Section 1242Effects of the lawful alienation Section 1243Unlawful alienation Section 1244Acquisition in good faith Section 1245Deviating agreements Section 1246Deviation for reasons of equity Section 1247Proceeds of the pledged item Section 1248Presumption of ownership Section 1249Right of redemption Section 1250Transfer of claim Section 1251Effect of the devolution of the pledge Section 1252Extinction with the claim Section 1253Extinction by return Section 1254Claim for return Section 1255Cancellation of the pledge Section 1256Coincidence of pledge and ownership Section 1257Pledge by operation of law Section 1258Pledge of the share of a co-owner Section 1259Realisation of a commercial pledged item Section 1260-1272Section 1260-1272

Title 2 · Pledge of rights

Section 1273Statutory contents of the pledge of rights Section 1274Creation Section 1275Pledge of right to performance Section 1276Cancellation or alteration of the pledged right Section 1277Satisfaction by compulsory enforcement Section 1278Extinction by return Section 1279Pledge of a claim Section 1280Notification of the debtor Section 1281Performance before the due date Section 1282Performance after the due date Section 1283Termination Section 1284Deviating agreements Section 1285Cooperation in collection Section 1286Duty of termination in the case of danger Section 1287Effect of performance Section 1288Investment of collected money Section 1289Extension to the interest Section 1290Collection in the case of multiple pledges Section 1291Pledge of land charge or annuity land charge Section 1292Pledging of instruments made out to order Section 1293Pledge of bearer instruments Section 1294Collection and notice of termination Section 1295Private sale of instruments made out to order Section 1296Extension to interest coupons

Book 4
Family law▸

Title 1 · Engagement

Section 1297No petition for a marriage to be entered into, nullity of a promise to pay a penalty Section 1298Duty of compensation in the case of withdrawal Section 1299Withdrawal by reason of fault of the other party Section 1300Section 1300 Section 1301Return of the presents Section 1302Limitation Section 1303Marriageable age Section 1304Incapacity to contract Section 1305Section 1305

Subtitle 2 · Impediments to marriage

Section 1306Existing marriage or life partnership Section 1307Relationship by blood Section 1308Adoption

Subtitle 3 · Certificate of no impediment

Section 1309Certificate of no impediment for foreigners

Subtitle 4 · Marriage

Section 1310Competence of the registrar of births, deaths and marriages, curing defective marriages Section 1311Personal declaration Section 1312Marriage ceremony

Title 3 · Annulment of marriage

Section 1313Annulment by judicial decision Section 1314Grounds of annulment Section 1315Exclusion of annulment Section 1316Entitlement to petition Section 1317Period for filing the petition Section 1318Consequences of annulment

Title 4 · Remarriage after declaration of death

Section 1319Annulment of the previous marriage Section 1320Annulment of the new marriage Section 1321-1352Section 1321-1352

Title 5 · Effects of marriage in general

Section 1353Conjugal union Section 1354Section 1354 Section 1355Family name Section 1356Household management, gainful employment Section 1357Transactions to provide the necessities of life Section 1358Section 1358 Section 1359Scope of duty of care Section 1360Duty of family maintenance Section 1360aScope of the obligation to maintain Section 1360bOverpayment Section 1361Maintenance when spouses are living apart Section 1361aAllocation of household effects when spouses are living apart Section 1361bMatrimonial residence when spouses are living apart Section 1362Presumption of ownership

Subtitle 1 · Statutory property regime

Section 1363Community of accrued gains Section 1364Management of assets Section 1365Disposition over assets as a whole Section 1366Ratification of contracts Section 1367Unilateral legal transactions Section 1368Asserting the ineffectiveness Section 1369Dispositions over household objects Section 1370Section 1370 Section 1371Equalisation of accrued gains in the case of death Section 1372Equalisation of accrued gains in other cases Section 1373Accrued gains Section 1374Initial assets Section 1375Final assets Section 1376Ascertainment of the value of the initial and final assets Section 1377List of initial assets Section 1378Equalisation claim Section 1379Duty of information Section 1380Set-off of advancements Section 1381Refusal of satisfaction for gross inequity Section 1382Deferment Section 1383Transfer of assets Section 1384Cut-off date for computing the accrued gains and the amount of the equalisation claim in the case of divorce Section 1385Premature equalisation of accrued gains of the spouse entitled to an equalisation claim in case of premature cancellation of the community of accrued gains Section 1386Premature suspension of the community of accrued gains Section 1387Cut-off date for computing the accrued gains and amount of the equalisation claim in the case of premature equalisation or premature suspension Section 1388Occurrence of separation of property Section 1389Section 1389 Section 1390Claims against third parties of the person entitled to equalisation Section 1391-1407Section 1391-1407 Section 1408Marriage contract, freedom of contract Section 1409Restriction of freedom of contract Section 1410Form Section 1411Marriage contracts of persons placed under the care of a custodian Section 1412Effect in relation to third parties Section 1413Revocation of permission to manage assets

Chapter 2 · Separation of property

Section 1414Commencement of separation of property

Subchapter 1 · General provisions

Section 1415Agreement by marriage contract Section 1416Common matrimonial property Section 1417Separate property Section 1418Reserved property Section 1419Joint ownership Section 1420Use for maintenance Section 1421Management of the common matrimonial property

Subchapter 2 · Management of the common matrimonial property by one spouse

Section 1422Subject matter of right of management Section 1423Disposition over the common matrimonial property as a whole Section 1424Disposition over plots of land, ships or ships under construction Section 1425Donations Section 1426Substitution of the approval of the other spouse Section 1427Legal consequences of lack of consent Section 1428Dispositions without approval Section 1429Emergency right of management Section 1430Substitution of the approval of the managing spouse Section 1431Independent trade or business Section 1432Acceptance of an inheritance; refusal of offer to enter into contract or of donation Section 1433Continuation of a legal dispute Section 1434Unjust enrichment of the common matrimonial property Section 1435Duties of the managing spouse Section 1436Managing spouse under custodianship Section 1437Obligations of the common matrimonial property; personal liability Section 1438Liability of the common matrimonial property Section 1439No liability on acquisition of an inheritance Section 1440Liability for reserved or separate property Section 1441Liability as between the spouses Section 1442Obligations of the separate property and of a trade or business Section 1443Costs of litigation Section 1444Costs of the advancement of a child Section 1445Equalisation between reserved property, separate property and common matrimonial property Section 1446Due date of the equalisation claim Section 1447Petition of the non-managing spouse for termination Section 1448Petition of the managing spouse for termination Section 1449Effect of the judicial termination decision

Subchapter 3 · Joint management of the common matrimonial property by the spouses

Section 1450Joint management by the spouses Section 1451Duty of both spouses to cooperate Section 1452Substitution of approval Section 1453Disposition without consent Section 1454Emergency right of management Section 1455Acts of management without the cooperation of the other spouse Section 1456Independent trade or business Section 1457Unjust enrichment of the common matrimonial property Section 1458Section 1458 Section 1459Obligations of the common matrimonial property; personal liability Section 1460Liability of the common matrimonial property Section 1461No liability on acquisition of an inheritance Section 1462Liability for reserved or separate property Section 1463Liability as between the spouses Section 1464Obligations of the separate property and of a trade or business Section 1465Costs of litigation Section 1466Costs of the advancement of a child that is not a child of the spouses Section 1467Equalisation between reserved property, separate property and common matrimonial property Section 1468Due date of the equalisation claim Section 1469Petition for termination Section 1470Effect of the judicial termination decision

Subchapter 4 · Partitioning of the common matrimonial property

Section 1471Beginning of the partitioning Section 1472Joint management of the common matrimonial property Section 1473Direct substitution Section 1474Implementation of the partitioning Section 1475Discharge of the obligations of the common matrimonial property Section 1476Division of the surplus Section 1477Implementation of the division Section 1478Partitioning after divorce Section 1479Partitioning after judicial termination decision Section 1480Liability to third parties after the division Section 1481Liability of the spouses to each other Section 1482Dissolution of marriage by death

Subchapter 5 · Continued community of property

Section 1483Occurrence of continued community of property Section 1484Refusal of continued community of property Section 1485Common matrimonial property Section 1486Reserved property; separate property Section 1487Legal position of the spouse and the descendants Section 1488Obligations of the common matrimonial property Section 1489Personal liability for the obligations of the common matrimonial property Section 1490Death of a descendant Section 1491Waiver by a descendant Section 1492Termination by the surviving spouse Section 1493Remarriage or establishment of a life partnership by the surviving spouse Section 1494Death of the surviving spouse Section 1495Petition of a descendant for termination Section 1496Effect of the judicial termination decision Section 1497Legal relationship until partitioning Section 1498Implementation of the partitioning Section 1499Obligations borne by the surviving spouse Section 1500Obligations borne by the descendants Section 1501Set-off of lump sum payments Section 1502Right of surviving spouse to assume assets Section 1503Division among the descendants Section 1504Adjustment of liability between descendants Section 1505Supplementation of the share of a descendant Section 1506Unworthiness to receive a share Section 1507Certificate on continuation of the community of property Section 1508Section 1508 Section 1509Exclusion of the continued community of property by testamentary disposition Section 1510Effect of exclusion Section 1511Exclusion of a descendant Section 1512Reduction of the share Section 1513Deprivation of the share Section 1514Disposition of the amount withheld Section 1515Right of a descendant and of the spouse to assume assets Section 1516Approval of the other spouse Section 1517Waiver of their share by a descendant Section 1518Mandatory law

Chapter 4 · Optional Regime of the Community of Accrued Gains

Section 1519Agreement by marriage contract

Subtitle 3 · Matrimonial property register

Section 1558Competent court of registration Section 1559Change of habitual residence Section 1560Application for entry Section 1561Requirements for application Section 1562Notice by publication Section 1563Inspection of the register; application of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 in registry proceedings

Subtitle 1 · Grounds of divorce

Section 1564Divorce by judicial decision Section 1565Breakdown of marriage Section 1566Presumption of breakdown Section 1567Living apart Section 1568Hardship clause

Subtitle 1a · Treatment of the matrimonial residence and of the household objects on the occasion of divorce

Section 1568aMatrimonial residence Section 1568bHousehold objects

Chapter 1 · Principle

Section 1569Principle of personal responsibility

Chapter 2 · Entitlement to maintenance

Section 1570Maintenance to care for a child Section 1571Maintenance by reason of old age Section 1572Maintenance for illness or infirmity Section 1573Maintenance for unemployment and topping-up maintenance Section 1574Appropriate gainful employment Section 1575Training, further training or retraining Section 1576Maintenance for reasons of equity Section 1577Indigence Section 1578Amount of maintenance Section 1578aPresumption of cover in the case of additional expenditure resulting from injury Section 1578bReduction and time limitation of maintenance on grounds of inequity Section 1579Restriction or refusal of maintenance for gross inequity Section 1580Duty of information

Chapter 3 · Ability to pay and priority

Section 1581Ability to pay Section 1582Priority of the divorced spouse where more than one person is entitled to maintenance Section 1583Influence of the matrimonial property regime Section 1584Priority of more than one person liable for maintenance

Chapter 4 · Form of the maintenance claim

Section 1585Nature of maintenance payment Section 1585aProvision of security Section 1585bMaintenance for the past Section 1585cAgreements on maintenance

Chapter 5 · End of the maintenance claim

Section 1586Remarriage, establishment of a life partnership or death of the person entitled Section 1586aRevival of the maintenance claim Section 1586bObligation not extinguished on death of the person obliged

Subtitle 3 · Equalisation of pension rights

Section 1587Reference to the Equalisation of Pension Rights Act (Versorgungsausgleichsgesetz)

Title 8 · Church duties

Section 1588(no heading)

Title 1 · General provisions

Section 1589Relationship by blood Section 1590Relationship by marriage

Title 2 · Descent

Section 1591Maternity Section 1592Paternity Section 1593Paternity in the case of dissolution of the marriage by death Section 1594Acknowledgement of paternity Section 1595Need for approval of the acknowledgement Section 1596Acknowledgement and approval in the case of lack of capacity to contract or limited capacity to contract Section 1597Formal requirements; revocation Section 1597aProhibition of wrongful acknowledgment of paternity Section 1598Ineffectiveness of acknowledgement, approval and revocation Section 1598aClaim to consent to a genetic examination to clarify natural parentage Section 1599Non-existence of paternity Section 1600Persons entitled to contest Section 1600aPersonal contestation; contestation in the case of lack of capacity to contract or limited capacity to contract Section 1600bContestation periods Section 1600cPresumption of paternity in contestation proceedings Section 1600dCourt determination of paternity

Subtitle 1 · General provisions

Section 1601Persons with an obligation to maintain Section 1602Indigence Section 1603Ability to pay Section 1604Influence of the matrimonial property regime Section 1605Duty of information Section 1606Order of priority of more than one person obliged Section 1607Substituted liability and statutory devolution of claim Section 1608Liability of the spouse or life partner Section 1609Priority of more than person entitled to maintenance Section 1610Amount of maintenance Section 1610aPresumption of cover in the case of additional expenditure resulting from injury Section 1611Restriction or end of obligation Section 1612Nature of maintenance payment Section 1612aMinimum maintenance of minor children; authorisation to issue statutory instruments Section 1612bMeeting cash requirements through child benefit Section 1612cSet-off of other child-related payments Section 1613Maintenance for the past Section 1614Waiver of maintenance claim; advance performance Section 1615Extinction of the maintenance claim

Subtitle 2 · Special provisions for the child and its parents who are not married to each other

Section 1615aApplicable provisions Section 1615lMaintenance claim of mother and father by reason of the birth Section 1615mFuneral costs for the mother Section 1615nNo expiry on the death of the father or stillbirth

Title 4 · Legal relationship between the parents and the child in general

Section 1616Birth name in the case of parents with family name Section 1617Birth name in the case of parents without family name and with joint parental custody Section 1617aBirth name in the case of parents without family name and with sole parental custody Section 1617bName in the case of subsequent joint parental custody or ostensible paternity Section 1617cName in the case of change of name by the parents Section 1618Bringing a child under a family name Section 1618aDuty of assistance and respect Section 1619Services in house and business Section 1620Outlays of the child for the household of its parents Section 1621-1623Section 1621-1623 Section 1624Advancement from the parental assets Section 1625Advancement from the assets of the child

Title 5 · Parental custody

Section 1626Parental custody, principles Section 1626aParental custody of parents who are not married to one another; declarations of parental custody Section 1626bSpecial prerequisites for the effectiveness of the declaration of parental custody Section 1626cDeclaring in person; parent with limited capacity to contract Section 1626dForm; duty of notification Section 1626eIneffectiveness Section 1627Exercise of parental custody Section 1628Court decision in the case of differences of opinion between the parents Section 1629Representation of the child Section 1629aRestriction of liability of minors Section 1630Parental custody in the case of appointment of a curator or of foster care Section 1631Contents and limits of care for the person of the child Section 1631aTraining and profession Section 1631bPlacement involving deprivation of liberty and measures involving deprivation of liberty Section 1631cProhibition of sterilisation Section 1631dCircumcision of the male child Section 1631eTreatment of children with variants of sexual development Section 1632Surrender of the child; determination of contact; order that child remains in foster care Section 1633Section 1633 Section 1634-1637Section 1634-1637 Section 1638Restriction of care for the assets of the child Section 1639Directions of the testator or donor Section 1640Inventory of assets Section 1641Prohibition of donation Section 1642Investment of money Section 1643Legal transactions subject to approval Section 1644Making available assets to the child Section 1645New trade or business Section 1646Acquisition with funds of the child Section 1647Section 1647 Section 1648Reimbursement of outlays Section 1649Use of the income from the assets of the child Section 1650-1663Section 1650-1663 Section 1664Limited liability of the parents Section 1665Section 1665 Section 1666Court measures in the case of endangerment of the best interests of the child Section 1666aPrinciple of proportionality; priority of public support measures Section 1667Court measures in the case of endangerment of the assets of the child Section 1668-1670Section 1668-1670 Section 1671Transfer of sole custody where the parents live apart Section 1672Section 1672 Section 1673Suspension of parental custody in the case of a legal impediment Section 1674Suspension of parental custody in the case of a factual impediment Section 1674aSuspension of the mother’s parental custody for a child delivered by confidential birth Section 1675Effect of the suspension Section 1676Section 1676 Section 1677Termination of parental custody by declaration of death Section 1678Consequences for the other parent of the actual prevention or of the suspension Section 1679Section 1679 Section 1680Death of a parent or removal of the parental custody Section 1681Declaration of death of a parent Section 1682Order that the child remains with persons to whom it relates Section 1683Section 1683 Section 1684Contact of the child with its parents Section 1685Contact of the child with other persons to whom it relates Section 1686Information on the personal circumstances of the child Section 1686aRights of the biological but not legal father Section 1687Exercise of joint parental custody when the parents live apart Section 1687aPower to make decision of the parent without parental custody Section 1687bParental custody powers of the spouse Section 1688Decisions of the foster carer Section 1689-1692Section 1689-1692 Section 1693Court measures where the parents are prevented Section 1696Amendment of judicial decisions and of court-approved settlements Section 1697Section 1697 Section 1697aPrinciple of best interests of child Section 1698Surrender of the assets of the child; rendering accounts Section 1698aContinuation of transactions in ignorance that parental custody has ended Section 1698bContinuation of urgent transactions after the death of the child Section 1699-1711Section 1699-1711

Title 6 · Legal advisership

Section 1712Youth welfare office as legal adviser; tasks Section 1713Persons entitled to apply Section 1714Occurrence of legal advisership Section 1715Termination of legal advisership Section 1716Effects of legal advisership Section 1717Requirement of habitual residence on domestic territory Section 1718-1740Section 1718-1740

Subtitle 1 · Adoption of minors

Section 1741Admissibility of the adoption Section 1742Adoption only as child of the spouses Section 1743Minimum age Section 1744Probationary period Section 1745Prohibition of adoption Section 1746Consent of the child Section 1747Consent of the parents of the child Section 1748Substitution of the consent of a parent Section 1749Consent of the spouse Section 1750Declaration of consent Section 1751Effect of parental consent, maintenance obligation Section 1752Order of the family court, application Section 1753Adoption after death Section 1754Effect of adoption Section 1755Extinction of relationships Section 1756Continuation of relationships Section 1757Name of the child Section 1758Prohibition on disclosure and exploratory questioning Section 1759Cancellation of the adoption relationship Section 1760Setting aside for lack of declarations Section 1761Impediments preventing cancellation Section 1762Entitlement to apply; period for filing application, form Section 1763Cancellation by the court of its own motion Section 1764Effect of cancellation Section 1765Name of the child after the cancellation Section 1766Marriage between adoptive parent and child Section 1766aAdoption of children of a partner who is not a spouse

Subtitle 2 · Adoption of persons of full age

Section 1767Admissibility of adoption, applicable provisions Section 1768Application Section 1769Prohibition of adoption Section 1770Effect of adoption Section 1771Cancellation of the adoption relationship Section 1772Adoption with the effects of the adoption of a minor

Subtitle 1 · Creation of guardianship

Section 1773Prerequisites Section 1774Order by the court of its own motion Section 1775More than one guardian Section 1776Right of the parents to name the guardian Section 1777Prerequisites for the right to name the guardian Section 1778Passing over the guardian named Section 1779Selection by the family court Section 1780Lack of capacity to be a guardian Section 1781Unsuitability to be a guardian Section 1782Exclusion by the parents Section 1783Section 1783 Section 1784Official or church officer as guardian Section 1785Duty to assume guardianship Section 1786Right to refuse Section 1787Consequences of unjustified refusal Section 1788Coercive fine Section 1789Appointment by the family court Section 1790Appointment subject to a reservation Section 1791Certificate of appointment Section 1791aGuardianship by association Section 1791bOfficial guardianship of the Youth Welfare Office by appointment Section 1791cStatutory official guardianship of the Youth Welfare Office Section 1792Supervisory guardian

Subtitle 2 · Conducting of the guardianship

Section 1793Duties of the guardian, liability of the ward Section 1794Restriction as a result of curatorship Section 1795Exclusion of power of agency Section 1796Revocation of power of agency Section 1797More than one guardian Section 1798Differences of opinion Section 1799Duties and rights of the supervisory guardian Section 1800Scope of care for the person Section 1801Religious education Section 1802Inventory of assets Section 1803Management of assets in the case of inheritance or donation Section 1804Donations made by the guardian Section 1805Use for the guardian Section 1806Investment of money held in trust for a ward Section 1807Nature of investment Section 1808Section 1808 Section 1809Investment with blocking note Section 1810Cooperation of supervisory guardian or family court Section 1811Other investment Section 1812Dispositions over claims and securities Section 1813Transactions not requiring approval Section 1814Deposit of bearer instruments Section 1815Change of registration and conversion of bearer instruments Section 1816Blocking of book-entry securities Section 1817Exemption Section 1818Order of deposit Section 1819Approval in the case of deposit Section 1820Approval after change of registration and conversion Section 1821Approval of transactions relating to plots of land, ships or ships under construction Section 1822Approval for other transactions Section 1823Approval where the ward has a trade or business Section 1824Approval for making available objects to the ward for their use Section 1825General authorisation Section 1826Hearing of the supervisory guardian before giving the approval Section 1827Section 1827 Section 1828Pronouncement of approval Section 1829Subsequent approval Section 1830Right of revocation of the other party Section 1831Unilateral legal transaction without approval Section 1832Ratification by the supervisory guardian Section 1833Liability of the guardian Section 1834Duty to pay interest Section 1835Reimbursement of outlays Section 1835aReimbursement for expenses Section 1836Payment of the guardian Section 1836cFunds to be applied by the ward Section 1836dDestitution of the ward Section 1836eStatutory devolution of claim

Subtitle 3 · Care and supervision of the family court

Section 1837Advice and supervision Section 1838Section 1838 Section 1839Duty of information of the guardian Section 1840Report and rendering of account Section 1841Contents of the accounts rendered Section 1842Cooperation of the supervisory guardian Section 1843Examination by the family court Section 1844Section 1844 Section 1845Section 1845 Section 1846Interim measures of the family court Section 1847Hearing of the relatives Section 1848Section 1848

Subtitle 4 · Cooperation of the Youth Welfare Office

Section 1851Duties of notification

Subtitle 5 · Exempted guardianship

Section 1852Exemption by the father Section 1853Exemption from deposit and blocking Section 1854Exemption from duty to render accounts Section 1855Exemption by the mother Section 1856Prerequisites for exemption Section 1857Cancellation of the exemption by the family court Section 1857aExemption of the Youth Welfare Office and the association Section 1858-1881Section 1858-1881

Subtitle 6 · Termination of the guardianship

Section 1882Cessation of the prerequisites Section 1883Section 1883 Section 1884Ward missing and declaration of death of the ward Section 1885Section 1885 Section 1886Removal of the sole guardian Section 1887Removal of the Youth Welfare Office or association Section 1888Removal of officials and church officers Section 1889Removal on application by the guardian Section 1890Surrender of assets and rendering accounts Section 1891Cooperation of the supervisory guardian Section 1892Examination and approval of the account Section 1893Continuation of transactions after the termination of the guardianship, return of certificates Section 1894Notification on death of the guardian Section 1895Termination of office of the supervisory guardian

Title 2 · Legal custodianship

Section 1896Prerequisites Section 1897Appointment of a natural person Section 1898Duty to assume custodianship Section 1899More than one custodian Section 1900Custodianship by association or public authority Section 1901Scope of the custodianship, duties of the custodian Section 1901aLiving will Section 1901bDiscussion to ascertain the patient’s will Section 1901cWishes in writing with regard to custodianship, enduring power of attorney Section 1902Representation of the person under custodianship Section 1903Reservation of consent Section 1904Ratification by the custodianship court in the case of medical treatment Section 1905Sterilisation Section 1906Ratification by the custodianship court in the case of placement involving deprivation of liberty and in the case of measures involving deprivation of liberty Section 1906aRatification by the custodianship court in the case of coercive measures by physicians Section 1907Ratification by the custodianship court in the case of the abandonment of rented residence Section 1908Ratification by the custodianship court with regard to advancement Section 1908aPrecautionary appointment of a custodian and order of reservation of consent for minors Section 1908bRemoval of the custodian Section 1908cAppointment of a new custodian Section 1908dCancellation or alteration of custodianship and reservation of consent Section 1908eSection 1908e Section 1908fRecognition as custodianship association Section 1908gPublic authority custodian Section 1908hSection 1908h Section 1908iProvisions applicable accordingly Section 1908kSection 1908k

Title 3 · Curatorship

Section 1909Supplementary curatorship Section 1910Section 1910 Section 1911Curatorship of absentees Section 1912Curatorship for an unborn child Section 1913Curatorship for unknown persons involved Section 1914Curatorship for collected assets Section 1915Application of guardianship law Section 1916Designation as supplementary curator Section 1917Naming of the supplementary curator by testator and third parties Section 1918Termination of the curatorship by operation of law Section 1919Cancellation of the curatorship on cessation of reason Section 1920Section 1920 Section 1921Cancellation of the curatorship of absentees

Book 5
Law of succession▸

Division 1 · Succession

Section 1922Universal succession Section 1923Capacity to inherit Section 1924Heirs on intestacy of the first degree Section 1925Heirs on intestacy of the second degree Section 1926Heirs on intestacy of the third degree Section 1927More than one share of the inheritance in the case of multiple relationship Section 1928Heirs on intestacy of the fourth degree Section 1929More distant degrees Section 1930Priority of the degrees Section 1931Right of intestate succession of the spouse Section 1932Preferential benefit of the spouse Section 1933Exclusion of the right of succession of the spouse Section 1934Right of succession of spouse who is a relative Section 1935Consequences of increase of share of the inheritance Section 1936Right of intestate succession of the State Section 1937Appointment of heir by testamentary disposition Section 1938Disinheritance without appointment of an heir Section 1939Legacy Section 1940Testamentary burden Section 1941Contract of inheritance Section 1942Devolution and disclaimer of the inheritance Section 1943Acceptance and disclaimer of the inheritance Section 1944Period for disclaimer Section 1945Form of disclaimer Section 1946Date for acceptance or disclaimer Section 1947Condition and stipulation as to time Section 1948More than one ground of entitlement Section 1949Mistake as to the ground of entitlement Section 1950Partial acceptance; partial disclaimer Section 1951More than one share of the inheritance Section 1952Inheritability of the right of disclaimer Section 1953Effect of disclaimer Section 1954Period of avoidance Section 1955Form of avoidance Section 1956Avoidance of failure to disclaim in good time Section 1957Effect of avoidance Section 1958Judicial assertion of claims against the heir Section 1959Management before the disclaimer Section 1960Securing the estate; curator of the estate Section 1961Curatorship of the estate on application Section 1962Jurisdiction of the probate court Section 1963Maintenance for the mother-to-be of an heir Section 1964Presumption that the treasury is heir Section 1965Public invitation to register the rights of succession Section 1966Legal position of the treasury before determination Section 1967Liability of heir, obligations of the estate Section 1968Costs of funeral Section 1969Maintenance for 30 days

Subtitle 2 · Judicial call for the creditors of the estate

Section 1970Notification of the claims Section 1971Creditors not affected Section 1972Rights not affected Section 1973Exclusion of creditors of the estate Section 1974Defence of withheld information

Subtitle 3 · Restriction of the liability of the heir

Section 1975Administration of estate; estate insolvency Section 1976Effect on legal relationships extinguished by merger Section 1977Effect on a set-off Section 1978Responsibility of the heir for previous administration, reimbursement of expenses Section 1979Discharge of obligations of the estate Section 1980Application for opening of estate insolvency proceedings Section 1981Order of administration of the estate Section 1982Refusal to order administration of the estate for insufficiency of assets Section 1983Notice by publication Section 1984Effect of the order Section 1985Duties and liability of the administrator of the estate Section 1986Surrender of the estate Section 1987Payment of the administrator of the estate Section 1988End and cancellation of administration of the estate Section 1989Defence by the heir of exhaustion of assets Section 1990Defence by the heir as to insufficiency of assets Section 1991Consequences of defence as to insufficiency of assets Section 1992Over-indebtedness as a result of legacies and testamentary burdens

Subtitle 4 · Filing of an inventory, unlimited liability of the heir

Section 1993Filing of an inventory Section 1994Inventory period Section 1995Length of the period Section 1996Fixing a new period Section 1997Suspension of the expiry of the period Section 1998Death of the heir before expiry of the period Section 1999Notice to the court Section 2000Ineffectiveness of the fixing of the period Section 2001Contents of the inventory Section 2002Preparation of the inventory by the heir Section 2003Official preparation of the inventory Section 2004Reference to an existing inventory Section 2005Unlimited liability of the heir if the inventory is incorrect Section 2006Declaration in lieu of an oath Section 2007Liability in the case of more than one share of the inheritance Section 2008Inventory for an inheritance that is part of common matrimonial property Section 2009Effect of filing of inventory Section 2010Inspection of the inventory Section 2011No inventory period for the treasury as heir Section 2012No inventory period for the curator and administrator of the estate Section 2013Consequences of the unlimited liability of the heir

Subtitle 5 · Suspensive defences

Section 2014Defence within three months Section 2015Defence of judicial call procedure Section 2016Exclusion of defences in the case of unlimited liability of the heir Section 2017Beginning of the period of time in the case of curatorship of the estate

Title 3 · Claim to inheritance

Section 2018Duty to surrender of the possessor of the inheritance Section 2019Direct substitution Section 2020Emoluments and fruits Section 2021Duty to surrender under principles of unjust enrichment Section 2022Reimbursement of outlays and expenses Section 2023Liability after litigation is pending and for emoluments and outlays Section 2024Liability with knowledge Section 2025Liability in the case of tort Section 2026No reliance on acquisition by prescription Section 2027Duty of information of the possessor of the inheritance Section 2028Duty of information of occupant of house Section 2029Liability in the case of individual claims by the heir Section 2030Legal position of the acquirer of the inheritance Section 2031Claim to surrender of a person declared dead

Subtitle 1 · Legal relationship of the heirs between themselves

Section 2032Community of heirs Section 2033Right of disposition of the co-heir Section 2034Right of preemption as against seller Section 2035Right of preemption as against buyer Section 2036Liability of buyer of share of the inheritance Section 2037Onward alienation of the share of the inheritance Section 2038Joint management of the estate Section 2039Estate claims Section 2040Alienation of objects of the estate, set-off Section 2041Direct substitution Section 2042Partitioning Section 2043Postponement of partitioning Section 2044Exclusion of partitioning Section 2045Postponement of partitioning Section 2046Discharge of obligations of the estate Section 2047Distribution of the surplus Section 2048Directions by the deceased for partitioning Section 2049Taking over of a farm Section 2050Duty to adjust advancements for descendants as heirs on intestacy Section 2051Duty to adjust advancements if a descendant does not inherit Section 2052Duty to adjust advancements for descendants as heirs by will Section 2053Gift to more remote or adopted descendant Section 2054Gift from the common matrimonial property Section 2055Carrying out the adjustment Section 2056Excess gifts Section 2057Duty of information Section 2057aDuty to adjust advancements in the case of special payments by one descendant

Subtitle 2 · Legal relationship between the heirs and the creditors of the estate

Section 2058Joint and several liability Section 2059Liability until division Section 2060Liability after division Section 2061Judicial call for the creditors of the estate Section 2062Application for administration of the estate Section 2063Filing of an inventory, limitation of liability

Title 1 · General provisions

Section 2064Made in person Section 2065Determination by third parties Section 2066Heirs on intestacy of the testator Section 2067Relatives of the testator Section 2068Children of the testator Section 2069Descendants of the testator Section 2070Descendants of a third party Section 2071Group of persons Section 2072The poor Section 2073Ambiguous designation Section 2074Condition precedent Section 2075Condition subsequent Section 2076Condition for the benefit of a third party Section 2077Ineffectiveness of testamentary dispositions on dissolution of marriage or engagement Section 2078Avoidance for mistake or duress Section 2079Avoidance for omission of a person entitled to a compulsory portion Section 2080Person entitled to avoid Section 2081Declaration of avoidance Section 2082Period of avoidance Section 2083Defence of voidability Section 2084Interpretation favouring effectiveness Section 2085Partial ineffectiveness Section 2086Reservation of right to make addition

Title 2 · Appointment of heirs

Section 2087Gift of assets, of fraction of assets or of individual objects Section 2088Appointment to fractions Section 2089Increase of the fractions Section 2090Decrease of fractions Section 2091Undetermined fractions Section 2092Partial appointment to fractions Section 2093Joint share of the inheritance Section 2094Accrual Section 2095Accrued share of the inheritance Section 2096Substitute heir Section 2097Rule of interpretation in the case of substitute heir Section 2098Mutual appointment as substitute heir Section 2099Substitute heir and accrual

Title 3 · Appointment of a reversionary heir

Section 2100Reversionary heir Section 2101Reversionary heir not yet conceived Section 2102Reversionary heir and substitute heir Section 2103Order to surrender the inheritance Section 2104Heirs on intestacy as reversionary heirs Section 2105Heirs on intestacy as provisional heirs Section 2106Occurrence of reversionary succession Section 2107Childless provisional heir Section 2108Capacity to inherit; inheritability of the reversionary succession Section 2109End of effectiveness of reversionary succession Section 2110Scope of the right of reversionary succession Section 2111Direct substitution Section 2112Right of alienation of the provisional heir Section 2113Dispositions of plots of land, ships and ships under construction; gifts Section 2114Dispositions of mortgage claims, land charges and annuity land charges Section 2115Dispositions of compulsory enforcement against provisional heir Section 2116Deposit of securities Section 2117Change of registration; conversion Section 2118Blocking note in debt ledger Section 2119Investment of money Section 2120Duty of reversionary heir to consent Section 2121List of objects of inheritance Section 2122Determination of the condition of the inheritance Section 2123Economic plan Section 2124Costs of maintenance Section 2125Outlays; right to remove Section 2126Extraordinary burdens Section 2127Right to information of reversionary heir Section 2128Provision of security Section 2129Effect of deprivation of management Section 2130Duty to surrender after the occurrence of reversionary succession, duty to render accounts Section 2131Scope of duty of care Section 2132No liability for ordinary wear and tear Section 2133Improper or excessive taking of fruits Section 2134Own use Section 2135Lease and usufructuary lease in reversionary succession Section 2136Release of the provisional heir Section 2137Rule of interpretation for the release Section 2138Restricted duty to surrender Section 2139Effect of occurrence of reversionary succession Section 2140Dispositions of the provisional heir after occurrence of reversionary succession Section 2141Maintenance for the mother-to-be of a reversionary heir Section 2142Disclaimer of reversionary succession Section 2143Restoration of extinguished legal relationships Section 2144Liability of the reversionary heir for the obligations of the estate Section 2145Liability of the provisional heir for the obligations of the estate Section 2146Duty of provisional heir to notify creditors of the estate

Title 4 · Legacies

Section 2147Person charged with a legacy Section 2148More than one person charged with a legacy Section 2149Legacy for heirs on intestacy Section 2150Preferential legacy Section 2151Right to decide of the person charged or of a third person in the event of more than one person provided for Section 2152Choice of persons provided for Section 2153Determination of shares Section 2154Optional legacy Section 2155General legacy Section 2156Legacy for a special purpose Section 2157Joint legacy Section 2158Accrual Section 2159Independence of the accrual Section 2160Prior death of person provided for Section 2161Where the person charged does not inherit Section 2162Thirty-year period for a suspended legacy Section 2163Exceptions to the thirty-year period Section 2164Extension to accessories and claims to compensation Section 2165Charges Section 2166Charge with a mortgage Section 2167Charge with a blanket mortgage Section 2168Charge with a blanket land charge Section 2168aApplication to ships, ships under construction and ship mortgages Section 2169Legacy of foreign objects Section 2170Legacy to be procured Section 2171Impossibility, statutory prohibition Section 2172Combination, intermixture, mingling of the bequeathed thing Section 2173Claim as a legacy Section 2174Claim arising under a legacy Section 2175Restoration of extinguished legal relationships Section 2176Devolution of the legacy Section 2177Devolution in the event of a condition or a time limit Section 2178Devolution in the event of a person provided for not yet conceived or determined Section 2179Period pending fulfilment Section 2180Acceptance and disclaimer Section 2181Discretionary due date Section 2182Liability for defects of title Section 2183Liability for material defects Section 2184Fruits and emoluments Section 2185Reimbursement of outlays and expenses Section 2186Due date of sublegacy or testamentary burden Section 2187Liability of the main legatee Section 2188Reduction of the charges Section 2189Directions concerning priority Section 2190Substitute legatee Section 2191Subsequent legatee

Title 5 · Testamentary burden

Section 2192Applicable provisions Section 2193Appointment of the beneficiary, period for fulfilment Section 2194Claim for fulfilment Section 2195Relationship between testamentary burden and gift Section 2196Impossibility of fulfilment

Title 6 · Executor

Section 2197Appointment of an executor Section 2198Determination of the executor by a third person Section 2199Appointment of co-executor or successor Section 2200Appointment by the probate court Section 2201Ineffectiveness of the appointment Section 2202Acceptance and refusal of office Section 2203Task of the executor Section 2204Partitioning of the estate between co-heirs Section 2205Administration of the estate, power of alienation Section 2206Incurring obligations Section 2207Extended authority Section 2208Limitation of the rights of the executor, execution by the heir Section 2209Permanent execution Section 2210Thirty-year period for permanent execution Section 2211Limitation on dispositions of the heir Section 2212Assertion in court of the rights subject to the execution of the will Section 2213Assertion in court of claims against the estate Section 2214Creditors of the heir Section 2215Inventory of the estate Section 2216Proper administration of the estate, compliance with directions Section 2217Making available objects of the estate Section 2218Legal relationship with the heir; rendering of accounts Section 2219Liability of the executor Section 2220Mandatory law Section 2221Remuneration of the executor Section 2222Executor for the reversionary heir Section 2223Executor of a legacy Section 2224More than one executor Section 2225Expiry of the office of the executor Section 2226Notice of termination by the executor Section 2227Dismissal of the executor Section 2228Inspection of records

Title 7 · The making and revocation of a will

Section 2229Testamentary capacity of minors, lack of testamentary capacity Section 2230Section 2230 Section 2231Regular wills Section 2232Public will Section 2233Special cases Section 2234-2246Section 2234-2246 Section 2247Holographic will Section 2248Custody of a holographic will Section 2249Emergency will made before the mayor Section 2250Emergency will before three witnesses Section 2251Emergency will made at sea Section 2252Period of validity of emergency wills Section 2253Revocation of the will Section 2254Revocation by will Section 2255Revocation by destruction or changes Section 2256Revocation by the revocation of the will from official custody Section 2257Revocation of the revocation Section 2258Revocation by a later will Section 2258aSection 2258a Section 2258bSection 2258b Section 2259Obligation to deliver Section 2260Section 2260 Section 2261Section 2261 Section 2262Section 2262 Section 2263Voidness of a prohibition on opening the will

Title 8 · Joint will

Section 2265Joint will made by spouses Section 2266Joint emergency will Section 2267Joint holographic will Section 2268Effect of nullity or dissolution of marriage Section 2269Reciprocal appointment Section 2270Reciprocal dispositions Section 2271Revocation of reciprocal dispositions Section 2272Revocation of official custody Section 2273Section 2273

Division 4 · Contract of inheritance

Section 2274Entering into contract in person Section 2275Prerequisites Section 2276Form Section 2277Section 2277 Section 2278Permissible contractual dispositions Section 2279Contractual gifts and burdens, application of section 2077 Section 2280Application of section 2269 Section 2281Avoidance by the testator Section 2282Representation, form of the avoidance Section 2283Period of avoidance Section 2284Confirmation Section 2285Avoidance by third parties Section 2286Dispositions inter vivos Section 2287Gifts adversely affecting the contractual heir Section 2288Prejudice to the legatee Section 2289Effect of the contract of inheritance on testamentary dispositions; application of section 2338 Section 2290Cancellation by contract Section 2291Cancellation by will Section 2292Cancellation by joint will Section 2293Revocation in the event of reservation Section 2294Revocation in the event of the misconduct of the person provided for Section 2295Revocation in the event of the extinction of a mutual obligation Section 2296Representation, form of revocation Section 2297Revocation by will Section 2298Mutual contract of inheritance Section 2299Unilateral dispositions Section 2300Application of sections 2259 and 2263; removal from official or notarial custody Section 2300aSection 2300a Section 2301Promise of donation mortis causa Section 2302Unlimited testamentary freedom

Division 5 · Compulsory share

Section 2303Person entitled to a compulsory share of the estate; amount of the share Section 2304Rules of interpretation Section 2305Additional compulsory share Section 2306Limitations and charges Section 2307Bequest of a legacy Section 2308Avoidance of the disclaimer Section 2309Right of parents and remoter descendants to a compulsory share Section 2310Determination of the share of the inheritance for the calculation of the compulsory share Section 2311Value of the estate Section 2312Value of a farm Section 2313Taking account of conditional, uncertain or unsecured rights; duty of determination of the heir Section 2314Duty of the heir to provide information Section 2315Counting gifts towards the compulsory share Section 2316Duty to adjust advancements Section 2317Creation and transferability of the claim to a compulsory share Section 2318Burden of the compulsory share in the case of legacies and testamentary burdens Section 2319Person entitled to a compulsory share as co-heir Section 2320Compulsory share burden on the heir taking the place of the person entitled to a compulsory share Section 2321Compulsory share burden in the event of a disclaimer of a legacy Section 2322Reduction of legacies and testamentary burdens Section 2323Heir not charged with a compulsory share Section 2324Deviating directions by the testator concerning the compulsory share burden Section 2325Claim for the augmentation of compulsory shares in the event of gifts Section 2326Augmentation to more than half of the intestate portion Section 2327Receipt of gift by a person entitled to a compulsory share Section 2328Heir as person entitled to a compulsory share Section 2329Claim against the recipient of a gift Section 2330Gift arising from a moral duty Section 2331Gifts made from common matrimonial property Section 2331aDeferral Section 2332Limitation Section 2333Deprivation of a compulsory share Section 2334Section 2334 Section 2335Section 2335 Section 2336Form, burden of proof and ineffectiveness of deprivation Section 2337Forgiveness Section 2338Limitation of the compulsory share

Division 6 · Unworthiness to inherit

Section 2339Grounds for unworthiness to inherit Section 2340Enforcement of the unworthiness to inherit by avoidance Section 2341Persons entitled to avoid Section 2342Action for avoidance Section 2343Forgiveness Section 2344Effect of a declaration of unworthiness to inherit Section 2345Unworthiness to receive a legacy; unworthiness to receive a compulsory share

Division 7 · Renunciation of inheritance

Section 2346Effect of the renunciation of inheritance, possibility of limitation Section 2347Personal requirements, representation Section 2348Form Section 2349Extension to descendants Section 2350Renunciation to the benefit of another Section 2351Revocation of a renunciation of the inheritance Section 2352Renunciation of gifts

Division 8 · Certificate of inheritance

Section 2353Competence of the probate court, application Section 2360Section 2360 Section 2361Revocation or declaration of invalidity of an inaccurate certificate of inheritance Section 2362Claim to surrender of the true heir and claim to information Section 2363Claim to surrender of the reversionary heir and of the executor Section 2364Section 2364 Section 2365Presumption of legitimacy of the certificate of inheritance Section 2366Presumption of legal force of a certificate of inheritance Section 2367Performance for the person named as heir in the certificate of inheritance Section 2368Executor’s certificate Section 2369Section 2369 Section 2370Presumption of legal force of a declaration of death

Division 9 · Purchase of an inheritance

Section 2371Form Section 2372Advantages due to purchaser Section 2373Parts remaining for the seller Section 2374Duty to surrender Section 2375Duty to compensate Section 2376Liability of the seller Section 2377Restoration of extinguished legal relationships Section 2378Obligations of the estate Section 2379Emoluments and charges prior to the sale Section 2380Devolution of the risk, emoluments and charges after the sale Section 2381Reimbursement of outlays and expenses Section 2382Liability of the purchaser in relation to the creditors of the estate Section 2383Scope of liability of the purchaser Section 2384The duty of notification of the seller towards the creditors of the estate, right of inspection Section 2385Application to similar contracts

Book 4 · Family law › Title 5 · Parental custody › Section 1697

Section 1697

(repealed)

← Previous Section 1696 Amendment of judicial decisions and of court-approved settlements Next → Section 1697a Principle of best interests of child

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EU legislation sourced from the Official Journal of the European Union via EUR-Lex; German federal statutes sourced from gesetze-im-internet.de (Bundesministerium der Justiz / Bundesamt für Justiz). eucite is an independent reference index, not an official publication of either — always confirm against the official source for legal purposes.