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C

C6 energy derivative contracts

MiFID II
options, futures, swaps, and any other derivative contracts mentioned in Section C.6 of Annex I relating to coal or oil that are traded on an OTF and must be physically settled

calibrator

In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulation
a measurement reference material used in the calibration of a device

call 2 definitions

European Electronic Communications Code
a connection established by means of a publicly available interpersonal communications service allowing two-way voice communication
ePrivacy Directive
a connection established by means of a publicly available telephone service allowing two-way communication in real time

caller location information

European Electronic Communications Code
in a public mobile network, the data processed, derived from network infrastructure or handsets, indicating the geographic position of an end-user’s mobile terminal equipment, and, in a public fixed network, the data about the physical address of the network termination point

cancellation

Air Passenger Rights Regulation
the non-operation of a flight which was previously planned and on which at least one place was reserved.

candidate 3 definitions

Concessions Directive
an economic operator that has sought an invitation or has been invited to take part in a concession award procedure
Public Procurement Directive
an economic operator that has sought an invitation or has been invited to take part in a restricted procedure, in a competitive procedure with negotiation, in a negotiated procedure without prior publication, in a competitive dialogue or in an innovation partnership
Utilities Procurement Directive
an economic operator that has sought an invitation or has been invited to take part in a restricted or negotiated procedure, in a competitive dialogue or in an innovation partnership

capacity allocation 2 definitions

Electricity Regulation (recast)
the attribution of cross-zonal capacity
Electricity Risk-Preparedness Regulation
the attribution of cross zonal capacity

capacity calculation region

Electricity Regulation (recast)
the geographic area in which the coordinated capacity calculation is applied

capacity mechanism

Electricity Regulation (recast)
a temporary measure to ensure the achievement of the necessary level of resource adequacy by remunerating resources for their availability, excluding measures relating to ancillary services or congestion management

capacity-enhancement plan

Single European Railway Area Directive
a measure or series of measures with a calendar for their implementation which aim to alleviate the capacity constraints which led to the declaration of an element of infrastructure as ‧congested infrastructure‧

capital

EMIR
subscribed capital within the meaning of Article 22 of Council Directive 86/635/EEC of 8 December 1986 on the annual accounts and consolidated accounts of banks and other financial institutions (27) in so far it has been paid up, plus the related share premium accounts, it fully absorbs losses in going concern situations, and, in the event of bankruptcy or liquidation, it ranks after all other claims

capital conservation buffer

CRD IV
the own funds that an institution is required to maintain in accordance with Article 129

capital market-driven transaction

CRR
any transaction giving rise to an exposure secured by collateral which includes a provision conferring upon the institution the right to receive margin at least daily

captive insurance undertaking

Solvency II Directive
an insurance undertaking, owned either by a financial undertaking other than an insurance or reinsurance undertaking or a group of insurance or reinsurance undertakings within the meaning of Article 212(1)(c) or by a non-financial undertaking, the purpose of which is to provide insurance cover exclusively for the risks of the undertaking or undertakings to which it belongs or of an undertaking or undertakings of the group of which it is a member

captive reinsurance undertaking 2 definitions

Reinsurance Directive
a reinsurance undertaking owned either by a financial undertaking other than an insurance or a reinsurance undertaking or a group of insurance or reinsurance undertakings to which Directive 98/78/EC applies, or by a non-financial undertaking, the purpose of which is to provide reinsurance cover exclusively for the risks of the undertaking or undertakings to which it belongs or of an undertaking or undertakings of the group of which the captive reinsurance undertaking is a member
Solvency II Directive
a reinsurance undertaking, owned either by a financial undertaking other than an insurance or reinsurance undertaking or a group of insurance or reinsurance undertakings within the meaning of Article 212(1)(c) or by a non-financial undertaking, the purpose of which is to provide reinsurance cover exclusively for the risks of the undertaking or undertakings to which it belongs or of an undertaking or undertakings of the group of which it is a member

carbon footprint 2 definitions

Batteries Regulation
the sum of greenhouse gas emissions and greenhouse gas removals in a product system, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents and based on a Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) study using the single impact category of climate change
Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation
the sum of greenhouse gas emissions and greenhouse gas removals in a product system, expressed as CO2 equivalents and based on a life cycle assessment using the single impact category of climate change

carbon pool

LULUCF Regulation
the whole or part of a biogeochemical feature or system within the territory of a Member State and within which carbon, any precursor to a greenhouse gas containing carbon, or any greenhouse gas containing carbon is stored

carbon price

CBAM Regulation
the monetary amount paid in a third country, under a carbon emissions reduction scheme, in the form of a tax, levy or fee or in the form of emission allowances under a greenhouse gas emissions trading system, calculated on greenhouse gases covered by such a measure, and released during the production of goods

carbon stock

LULUCF Regulation
the mass of carbon stored in a carbon pool

card-based payment instrument

Geo-blocking Regulation
card-based payment instrument as defined in point (20) of Article 2 of Regulation (EU) 2015/751

carer

Work-Life Balance Directive
a worker providing personal care or support to a relative, or to a person who lives in the same household as the worker, and who is in need of significant care or support for a serious medical reason, as defined by each Member State

carers' leave

Work-Life Balance Directive
leave from work for workers in order to provide personal care or support to a relative, or to a person who lives in the same household as the worker, and who is in need of significant care or support for a serious medical reason, as defined by each Member State

carried interest

AIFMD
a share in the profits of the AIF accrued to the AIFM as compensation for the management of the AIF and excluding any share in the profits of the AIF accrued to the AIFM as a return on any investment by the AIFM into the AIF

cash 2 definitions

Anti-Money Laundering Regulation (AMLR)
cash as defined in Article 2(1), point (a), of Regulation (EU) 2018/1672 of the European Parliament and of the Council (39)
Financial Collateral Arrangements Directive
money credited to an account in any currency, or similar claims for the repayment of money, such as money market deposits

cash assimilated instrument

CRR
a certificate of deposit, a bond, including a covered bond, or any other non-subordinated instrument, which has been issued by an institution, for which the institution has already received full payment and which shall be unconditionally reimbursed by the institution at its nominal value

category of workers

Pay Transparency Directive
workers performing the same work or work of equal value grouped in a non-arbitrary manner based on the non-discriminatory and objective gender-neutral criteria referred to in Article 4(4), by the workers’ employer and, where applicable, in cooperation with the workers’ representatives in accordance with national law and/or practice.

CBAM certificate

CBAM Regulation
a certificate in electronic format corresponding to one tonne of CO2e of embedded emissions in goods

CCP 3 definitions

EMIR
a legal person that interposes itself between the counterparties to the contracts traded on one or more financial markets, becoming the buyer to every seller and the seller to every buyer
MiFID II
a CCP as defined in Article 2(1) of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012
MiFIR
a CCP within the meaning of Article 2(1) of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012

CCP-related transaction

CRR
a contract or a transaction listed in Article 301(1) between a client and a clearing member that is directly related to a contract or a transaction listed in that paragraph between that clearing member and a CCP

CE marking 5 definitions

AI Act
a marking by which a provider indicates that an AI system is in conformity with the requirements set out in Chapter III, Section 2 and other applicable Union harmonisation legislation providing for its affixing
Batteries Regulation
a marking by which a manufacturer indicates that the battery is in conformity with the applicable requirements laid down in Union harmonisation legislation providing for its affixing
Cyber Resilience Act
a marking by which a manufacturer indicates that a product with digital elements and the processes put in place by the manufacturer are in conformity with the essential cybersecurity requirements set out in Annex I and other applicable Union harmonisation legislation providing for its affixing
Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation
a marking by which the manufacturer indicates that the relevant product is in conformity with the applicable requirements set out in Union harmonisation legislation providing for its affixing
Machinery Regulation
a marking by which the manufacturer indicates that machinery or a related product is in conformity with the applicable requirements set out in Union harmonisation legislation providing for its affixing

central banks 2 definitions

CRD IV
central banks as defined in point (46) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
CRR
the ESCB central banks and the central banks of third countries

central counterparty 4 definitions

BRRD
a CCP as defined in point (1) of Article 2 of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012
CRD IV
central counterparty as defined in point (34) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
DORA
a central counterparty as defined in Article 2, point (1), of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012
Short Selling Regulation
a legal entity which interposes itself between the counterparties to the contracts traded within one or more financial markets, becoming the buyer to every seller and the seller to every buyer and which is responsible for the operation of a clearing system

central dispatching model

Electricity Regulation (recast)
a scheduling and dispatching model where the generation schedules and consumption schedules as well as dispatching of power-generating facilities and demand facilities, in reference to dispatchable facilities, are determined by a transmission system operator within an integrated scheduling process

central government

Energy Efficiency Directive
all administrative departments whose competence extends over the whole territory of a Member State

central government authorities

Public Procurement Directive
the contracting authorities listed in Annex I and, in so far as corrections or amendments have been made at national level, their successor entities

central purchasing body 2 definitions

Public Procurement Directive
a contracting authority providing centralised purchasing activities and, possibly, ancillary purchasing activities
Utilities Procurement Directive
a contracting entity within the meaning of Article 4(1) of this Directive or a contracting authority within the meaning of point 1 of Article 2(1) of Directive 2014/24/EU providing centralised purchasing activities and, possibly, ancillary purchasing activities. Procurement carried out by a central purchasing body in order to perform centralised purchasing activities shall be deemed to be procurement for the pursuit of an activity as described in Articles 8 to 14. Article 18 shall not apply to procurement carried out by a central purchasing body in order to perform centralised purchasing activities

central securities depository

DORA
a central securities depository as defined in Article 2(1), point (1), of Regulation (EU) No 909/2014

centralised purchasing activities 2 definitions

Public Procurement Directive
activities conducted on a permanent basis, in one of the following forms:
Utilities Procurement Directive
activities conducted on a permanent basis, in one of the following forms:

certificate for electronic seal

eIDAS Regulation
an electronic attestation that links electronic seal validation data to a legal person and confirms the name of that person

certificate for electronic signature

eIDAS Regulation
an electronic attestation which links electronic signature validation data to a natural person and confirms at least the name or the pseudonym of that person

certificate for website authentication

eIDAS Regulation
an attestation that makes it possible to authenticate a website and links the website to the natural or legal person to whom the certificate is issued

certificates 2 definitions

MiFID II
certificates as defined in Article 2(1)(27) of Regulation (EU) No 600/2014
MiFIR
those securities which are negotiable on the capital market and which in case of a repayment of investment by the issuer are ranked above shares but below unsecured bond instruments and other similar instruments

chains

Machinery Regulation
chains designed and constructed for lifting purposes as part of lifting machinery or lifting accessories

chiller

F-gas Regulation
a single system whose primary function is to cool a heat transfer fluid (such as water, glycol, brine or CO2) for refrigeration, process, preservation or comfort purposes

chip

Chips Act
an electronic device comprising various functional elements on a single piece of semiconductor material, typically taking the form of memory, logic, processor, optoelectronics and analogue devices

circular economy

EU Taxonomy Regulation
an economic system whereby the value of products, materials and other resources in the economy is maintained for as long as possible, enhancing their efficient use in production and consumption, thereby reducing the environmental impact of their use, minimising waste and the release of hazardous substances at all stages of their life cycle, including through the application of the waste hierarchy

cities

Nature Restoration Law
LAUs where at least 50 % of the population lives in one or more urban centres, measured using the degree of urbanisation established in accordance with Article 4b(3), point (a), of Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003

citizen energy community

class of derivatives

EMIR
a subset of derivatives sharing common and essential characteristics including at least the relationship with the underlying asset, the type of underlying asset, and currency of notional amount. Derivatives belonging to the same class may have different maturities

class of performance

Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation
a range of performance levels in relation to one or more product parameters referred to in Annex I, which is established based on a common methodology for the product or product group, ordered in such a way as to allow for product differentiation

clean-up call option

CRR
a contractual option for the originator to repurchase or extinguish the securitisation positions before all of the underlying exposures have been repaid, when the amount of outstanding exposures falls below a specified level

clearing

EMIR
the process of establishing positions, including the calculation of net obligations, and ensuring that financial instruments, cash, or both, are available to secure the exposures arising from those positions

clearing member 3 definitions

CRR
a clearing member as defined in point (14) of Article 2 of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012
EMIR
an undertaking which participates in a CCP and which is responsible for discharging the financial obligations arising from that participation
Investment Firms Regulation
an undertaking established in a Member State which fulfils the definition in point (14) of Article 2 of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council (17)

client 7 definitions

CRR
a client as defined in point (15) of Article 2 of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 or an undertaking that has established indirect clearing arrangements with a clearing member in accordance with Article 4(3) of that Regulation.
Crowdfunding Regulation
any prospective or actual investor or project owner to whom a crowdfunding service provider provides, or intends to provide, crowdfunding services
EMIR
an undertaking with a contractual relationship with a clearing member of a CCP which enables that undertaking to clear its transactions with that CCP
Investment Firms Regulation
a client as defined in point (9) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2014/65/EU except that, for the purposes of Part Four of this Regulation, ‘client’ means any counterparty of the investment firm
MiCA
any natural or legal person to whom a crypto-asset service provider provides crypto-asset services
MiFID II
any natural or legal person to whom an investment firm provides investment or ancillary services
MiFIR
a client as defined in Article 4(1)(9) of Directive 2014/65/EU

climate change adaptation

EU Taxonomy Regulation
the process of adjustment to actual and expected climate change and its impacts

climate change adaptation-related support

Monitoring Mechanism Regulation
support for activities in developing countries that are intended to reduce the vulnerability of human or natural systems to the impact of climate change and climate-related risks, by maintaining or increasing developing countries' adaptive capacity and resilience

climate change mitigation

EU Taxonomy Regulation
the process of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1,5 °C above pre-industrial levels, as laid down in the Paris Agreement

climate change mitigation-related support

Monitoring Mechanism Regulation
support for activities in developing countries that contribute to the objective of stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system

clinical benefit 2 definitions

In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulation
the positive impact of a device related to its function, such as that of screening, monitoring, diagnosis or aid to diagnosis of patients, or a positive impact on patient management or public health
Medical Devices Regulation
the positive impact of a device on the health of an individual, expressed in terms of a meaningful, measurable, patient-relevant clinical outcome(s), including outcome(s) related to diagnosis, or a positive impact on patient management or public health

clinical data

Medical Devices Regulation
information concerning safety or performance that is generated from the use of a device and is sourced from the following: — clinical investigation(s) of the device concerned, — clinical investigation(s) or other studies reported in scientific literature, of a device for which equivalence to the device in question can be demonstrated, — reports published in peer reviewed scientific literature on other clinical experience of either the device in question or a device for which equivalence to the device in question can be demonstrated, — clinically relevant information coming from post-market surveillance, in particular the post-market clinical follow-up

clinical evaluation

Medical Devices Regulation
a systematic and planned process to continuously generate, collect, analyse and assess the clinical data pertaining to a device in order to verify the safety and performance, including clinical benefits, of the device when used as intended by the manufacturer

clinical evidence 2 definitions

In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulation
clinical data and performance evaluation results, pertaining to a device of a sufficient amount and quality to allow a qualified assessment of whether the device is safe and achieves the intended clinical benefit(s), when used as intended by the manufacturer
Medical Devices Regulation
clinical data and clinical evaluation results pertaining to a device of a sufficient amount and quality to allow a qualified assessment of whether the device is safe and achieves the intended clinical benefit(s), when used as intended by the manufacturer

clinical investigation

Medical Devices Regulation
any systematic investigation involving one or more human subjects, undertaken to assess the safety or performance of a device

clinical investigation plan

Medical Devices Regulation
a document that describes the rationale, objectives, design, methodology, monitoring, statistical considerations, organisation and conduct of a clinical investigation

clinical performance 2 definitions

In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulation
the ability of a device to yield results that are correlated with a particular clinical condition or a physiological or pathological process or state in accordance with the target population and intended user
Medical Devices Regulation
the ability of a device, resulting from any direct or indirect medical effects which stem from its technical or functional characteristics, including diagnostic characteristics, to achieve its intended purpose as claimed by the manufacturer, thereby leading to a clinical benefit for patients, when used as intended by the manufacturer

Clinical study

Clinical Trials Regulation
any investigation in relation to humans intended:

Clinical study report

Clinical Trials Regulation
a report on the clinical trial presented in an easily searchable format, prepared in accordance with Annex I, Part I, Module 5 of Directive 2001/83/EC and accompanying an application for marketing authorisation. 3. For the purposes of this Regulation, a subject who falls under the definition of both ‘minor’ and ‘incapacitated subject’ shall be deemed to be an incapacitated subject.

Clinical trial

Clinical Trials Regulation
a clinical study which fulfils any of the following conditions:

close links 11 definitions

AIFMD
a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked by:
CRD IV
close links as defined in point (38) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
CRR
a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked in any of the following ways:
EMIR
a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked by:
Insurance Distribution Directive
close links as defined in Article 13 point 17 of Directive 2009/138/EC
Investment Firms Directive
close links as defined in point (35) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2014/65/EU
MiCA
close links as defined in Article 4(1), point (35), of Directive 2014/65/EU
MiFID II
a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked by:
MiFIR
close links as defined in Article 4(1)(35) of Directive 2014/65/EU
Reinsurance Directive
a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked by:
Solvency II Directive
a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are linked by control or participation, or a situation in which two or more natural or legal persons are permanently linked to one and the same person by a control relationship

close-out netting provision

Financial Collateral Arrangements Directive
a provision of a financial collateral arrangement, or of an arrangement of which a financial collateral arrangement forms part, or, in the absence of any such provision, any statutory rule by which, on the occurrence of an enforcement event, whether through the operation of netting or set-off or otherwise:

closed coal mine

Methane Regulation
a coal mine where coal production has ceased, which is closed in accordance with the applicable licensing requirements or other arrangements, and for which an operator, owner or licensee has still a valid permit, licence or other legal document conferring responsibility for the coal mine

closed recirculation aquaculture facility

Organic Farming Regulation
a facility on land or in a vessel where aquaculture takes place within an enclosed environment involving the recirculation of water and which depends on permanent external energy input to stabilise the environment for the aquaculture animals

cloud computing service 3 definitions

Digital Markets Act
a cloud computing service as defined in Article 4, point (19), of Directive (EU) 2016/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council (24)
NIS Directive
a digital service that enables access to a scalable and elastic pool of shareable computing resources.
NIS2 Directive
a digital service that enables on-demand administration and broad remote access to a scalable and elastic pool of shareable computing resources, including where such resources are distributed across several locations

co-badging

PSD2
the inclusion of two or more payment brands or payment applications of the same payment brand on the same payment instrument.

CO2 injection capacity

Net-Zero Industry Act
the annual amount of CO2 that can be injected in an operational geological storage site, permitted under Directive 2009/31/EC, with the purpose of reducing emissions or increasing carbon removals, in particular from large scale industrial installations, and which is measured in tonnes per annum

CO2 transport infrastructure

Net-Zero Industry Act
the network of pipelines, including associated booster stations, for the transport of CO2 to the storage site, as well as any ships, road or rail transport modes, including liquefaction devices and temporary storage facilities if needed, for the transport of CO2 to the harbour facilities and storage site

coal deposit

Methane Regulation
an area containing significant concentrations and minable quantities of coal, defined according to the Member State’s methodology on documenting geological mineral deposits

coal mine

Methane Regulation
a site where coal mining occurs or has occurred, including lands, excavations, underground passageways, shafts, slopes, tunnels and workings, structures, facilities, equipment, machines and tools situated on the surface or underground and used in, or resulting from the work of extracting lignite, subbituminous coal, bituminous coal or anthracite from its natural deposits in the earth by any means and by any method, and includes the work of preparing the coal for extraction

coal mining equipment

Methane Regulation
any equipment that remains linked to the methane-bearing strata, such as gob vents and drainage pipes

code of conduct

Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
an agreement or set of rules not imposed by law, regulation or administrative provision of a Member State which defines the behaviour of traders who undertake to be bound by the code in relation to one or more particular commercial practices or business sectors

code owner

Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
any entity, including a trader or group of traders, which is responsible for the formulation and revision of a code of conduct and/or for monitoring compliance with the code by those who have undertaken to be bound by it

cogeneration 2 definitions

Energy Efficiency Directive
the simultaneous generation in one process of thermal energy and electrical or mechanical energy
Energy Union Governance Regulation
cogeneration as defined in point (30) of Article 2 of Directive 2012/27/EU

cogeneration unit

Energy Efficiency Directive
a unit that is able to operate in cogeneration mode

coking coal mine

Methane Regulation
a coal mine where at least 50 % of the production output averaged over the last 3 available years is coking coal, as defined in Annex B to Regulation (EC) No 1099/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (23)

collaborative assessment

Health Technology Assessment Regulation
a clinical assessment of a medical device or an in vitro diagnostic medical device carried out at Union level by a number of interested HTA authorities and bodies participating on a voluntary basis

collateral arrangement

SFTR
a title transfer collateral arrangement and security collateral arrangement

collection 2 definitions

Critical Raw Materials Act
collection as defined in Article 3, point (10), of Directive 2008/98/EC
Single-Use Plastics Directive
collection as defined in point 10 of Article 3 of Directive 2008/98/EC

collective agreement

Adequate Minimum Wages Directive
a written agreement regarding provisions on working conditions and terms of employment concluded by the social partners that have the capacity to bargain on behalf of workers and employers respectively according to national law and practice, including collective agreements that have been declared universally applicable

collective bargaining

Adequate Minimum Wages Directive
all negotiations which take place according to national law and practice in each Member State between an employer, a group of employers or one or more employers’ organisations on the one hand, and one or more trade unions on the other, for determining working conditions and terms of employment

collective bargaining coverage

Adequate Minimum Wages Directive
the share of workers at national level to whom a collective agreement applies, calculated as the ratio of the number of workers covered by collective agreements to the number of workers whose working conditions may be regulated by collective agreements in accordance with national law and practice.

collective interests of consumers

Collective Redress Directive
the general interest of consumers and, in particular for the purposes of redress measures, the interests of a group of consumers

collective investment undertaking other than the closed-end type 2 definitions

Prospectus Regulation
unit trusts and investment companies with both of the following characteristics:
Transparency Directive
unit trusts and investment companies:

collective investment undertakings

Insolvency Regulation (recast)
undertakings for collective investment in transferable securities (UCITS) as defined in Directive 2009/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (13) and alternative investment funds (AIFs) as defined in Directive 2011/61/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (14)

collective proceedings

Insolvency Regulation (recast)
proceedings which include all or a significant part of a debtor's creditors, provided that, in the latter case, the proceedings do not affect the claims of creditors which are not involved in them

college of supervisors

Solvency II Directive
a permanent but flexible structure for cooperation and coordination among the supervisory authorities of the Member States concerned

colorants

Cosmetics Regulation
substances which are exclusively or mainly intended to colour the cosmetic product, the body as a whole or certain parts thereof, by absorption or reflection of visible light; in addition, precursors of oxidative hair colorants shall be deemed colorants

combined buffer requirement

CRD IV
the total Common Equity Tier 1 capital required to meet the requirement for the capital conservation buffer extended by the following, as applicable:

commercial communication

Digital Services Act
‘commercial communication’ as defined in Article 2, point (f), of Directive 2000/31/EC

commercial guarantee 2 definitions

Consumer Rights Directive
any undertaking by the trader or a producer (the guarantor) to the consumer, in addition to his legal obligation relating to the guarantee of conformity, to reimburse the price paid or to replace, repair or service goods in any way if they do not meet the specifications or any other requirements not related to conformity set out in the guarantee statement or in the relevant advertising available at the time of, or before the conclusion of the contract
Sale of Goods Directive
any undertaking by the seller or a producer (the guarantor) to the consumer, in addition to the seller's legal obligation relating to the guarantee of conformity, to reimburse the price paid or to replace, repair or service goods in any way if they do not meet the specifications or any other requirements not related to conformity set out in the guarantee statement or in the relevant advertising available at the time of, or before the conclusion of the contract

commercial transactions

Late Payment Directive
transactions between undertakings or between undertakings and public authorities which lead to the delivery of goods or the provision of services for remuneration

commercial use

F-gas Regulation
use for the storage, display or dispensing of products, for sale to end users, in retail and food services

Commission (Eurostat)

Energy Statistics Regulation
the Community authority as defined in the fourth indent of Article 2 of Regulation (EC) No 322/97

commissioning

TEN-E Regulation
the process of bringing a project into operation once it has been constructed.

commodity 3 definitions

Market Abuse Regulation
a commodity as defined in point (1) of Article 2 of Commission Regulation (EC) No 1287/2006 (19)
MiFID I Implementing Regulation
any goods of a fungible nature that are capable of being delivered, including metals and their ores and alloys, agricultural products, and energy such as electricity
SFTR
a commodity as defined in point (1) of Article 2 of Commission Regulation (EC) No 1287/2006 (22)

commodity and emission allowance dealer 2 definitions

Investment Firms Directive
a commodity and emission allowance dealer as defined in point (150) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
Investment Firms Regulation
a commodity and emission allowance dealer as defined in point (150) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013

commodity benchmark

Benchmarks Regulation
a benchmark where the underlying asset for the purposes of point (1)(b)(ii) of this paragraph is a commodity within the meaning of point (1) of Article 2 of Commission Regulation (EC) No 1287/2006 (21), excluding emission allowances as referred to in point (11) of Section C of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU

commodity derivatives 4 definitions

Investment Firms Regulation
commodity derivatives as defined in point (30) of Article 2(1) of Regulation (EU) No 600/2014
Market Abuse Regulation
commodity derivatives as defined in point (30) of Article 2(1) of Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council (21)
MiFID II
commodity derivatives as defined in Article 2(1)(30) of Regulation (EU) No 600/2014
MiFIR
those financial instruments defined in point (44)(c) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2014/65/EU; which relate to a commodity or an underlying referred to in Section C(10) of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU; or in points (5), (6), (7) and (10) of Section C of Annex I thereto

Common Equity Tier 1 instruments 2 definitions

BRRD
capital instruments that meet the conditions laid down in Article 28(1) to (4), Article 29(1) to (5) or Article 31(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
SRM Regulation
capital instruments that meet the conditions laid down in Article 28(1) to (4), Article 29(1) to (5) or Article 31(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013

common specification

AI Act
a set of technical specifications as defined in Article 2, point (4) of Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012, providing means to comply with certain requirements established under this Regulation

common specifications

Data Act
a document, other than a standard, containing technical solutions providing a means to comply with certain requirements and obligations established under this Regulation

communication

ePrivacy Directive
any information exchanged or conveyed between a finite number of parties by means of a publicly available electronic communications service. This does not include any information conveyed as part of a broadcasting service to the public over an electronic communications network except to the extent that the information can be related to the identifiable subscriber or user receiving the information

Community carrier

Air Passenger Rights Regulation
an air carrier with a valid operating licence granted by a Member State in accordance with the provisions of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2407/92 of 23 July 1992 on licensing of air carriers(5)

Community issuer

MiFID I Implementing Regulation
an issuer which has its registered office in the Community

Community statistics

Energy Statistics Regulation
Community statistics as defined in the first indent of Article 2 of Regulation (EC) No 322/97

companion diagnostic

In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulation
a device which is essential for the safe and effective use of a corresponding medicinal product to:

company

CSDDD
any of the following:

compatibility 3 definitions

Digital Content Directive
the ability of the digital content or digital service to function with hardware or software with which digital content or digital services of the same type are normally used, without the need to convert the digital content or digital service
ITS Directive
the general ability of a device or system to work with another device or system without modification
Sale of Goods Directive
the ability of the goods to function with hardware or software with which goods of the same type are normally used, without the need to convert the goods, hardware or software

competent authorities 7 definitions

AIFMD
the national authorities of Member States which are empowered by law or regulation to supervise AIFMs
Deforestation Regulation
the authorities designated under Article 14(1)
Organic Farming Regulation
competent authorities as defined in point (3) of Article 3 of Regulation (EU) 2017/625
PRIIPs Regulation
the national authorities designated by a Member State to supervise the requirements this Regulation places on PRIIP manufacturers and the persons advising on, or selling, the PRIIP.
Reinsurance Directive
the national authorities which are empowered by law or regulation to supervise reinsurance undertakings
Solvency II Directive
the administrative or judicial authorities of the Member States which are competent for the purposes of the reorganisation measures or the winding-up proceedings
Solvency II Directive
the competent authorities of the home Member State.

competent authorities of the EU AIF

AIFMD
the national authorities of a Member State which are empowered by law or regulation to supervise AIFs

competent authority 23 definitions

BRRD
a competent authority as defined in point (40) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 including the European Central Bank with regard to specific tasks conferred on it by Council Regulation (EU) No 1024/2013 (25)
CBAM Regulation
the authority designated by each Member State in accordance with Article 11
CRD IV
competent authority as defined in point (40) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
CRR
a public authority or body officially recognised by national law, which is empowered by national law to supervise institutions as part of the supervisory system in operation in the Member State concerned
CSDR
the authority designated by each Member State in accordance with Article 11, unless otherwise specified in this Regulation
Consumer ADR Directive
any public authority designated by a Member State for the purposes of this Directive and established at national, regional or local level. 2. A trader is established: - if the trader is a natural person, where he has his place of business, - if the trader is a company or other legal person or association of natural or legal persons, where it has its statutory seat, central administration or place of business, including a branch, agency or any other establishment. 3. An ADR entity is established: - if it is operated by a natural person, at the place where it carries out ADR activities, - if the entity is operated by a legal person or association of natural or legal persons, at the place where that legal person or association of natural or legal persons carries out ADR activities or has its statutory seat, - if it is operated by an authority or other public body, at the place where that authority or other public body has its seat.
Crowdfunding Regulation
the authority, or authorities, designated by a Member State in accordance with Article 29. 2. Without prejudice to the possibility that shares of a private limited liability company fall under the definition of transferable securities under point (m) of paragraph 1, competent authorities that granted authorisation to the crowdfunding service provider may permit the use of such shares for the purposes of this Regulation provided that they meet the conditions for admitted instruments for crowdfunding purposes under point (n) of paragraph 1. 3. Competent authorities shall, on an annual basis, inform ESMA about the types of private limited liability companies and their shares that are offered and which fall within the scope of this Regulation, with reference to the applicable national law. ESMA shall make the information referred to in the first subparagraph publicly accessible on its website without undue delay. 4. On an annual basis, for the first two years of the application of this Regulation, ESMA shall collect the key investment information sheets drawn up by project owners that have issued admitted instruments for crowdfunding purposes. ESMA shall compare the information referred to in points (b) and (c) of part F of Annex I as provided in the key investment information sheets with the information provided by Member States under paragraph 3 of this Article. ESMA shall submit that comparison to the Commission, which shall include it in the report referred to in Article 45.
Deposit Guarantee Schemes Directive
a national competent authority as defined in point (40) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
EMIR
the competent authority referred to in the legislation referred to in point (8) of this Article, the competent authority referred to in Article 10(5) or the authority designated by each Member State in accordance with Article 22
EU Institutions Data Protection Regulation
any public authority in a Member State competent for the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties, including the safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security
Electricity Risk-Preparedness Regulation
a national governmental authority or a regulatory authority designated by a Member State in accordance with Article 3
IORP II
a national authority designated to carry out the duties provided for in this Directive
Investment Firms Directive
a public authority or body of a Member State that is officially recognised and empowered by national law to supervise investment firms in accordance with this Directive, as part of the supervisory system in operation in that Member State
Investment Firms Regulation
a competent authority as defined in point (5) of Article 3(1) of Directive (EU) 2019/2034
Landfill Directive
that authority which the Member States designate as responsible for performing the duties arising from this Directive
Market Abuse Regulation
an authority designated in accordance with Article 22, unless otherwise specified in this Regulation
MiCA
one or more authorities:
MiFID II
the authority, designated by each Member State in accordance with Article 67, unless otherwise specified in this Directive
MiFIR
a competent authority as defined in Article 2(1)(26) of Directive 2014/65/EU
Mortgage Credit Directive
an authority designated as competent by a Member State in accordance with Article 5.
Prospectus Regulation
the authority designated by each Member State in accordance with Article 31, unless otherwise specified in this Regulation
SRM Regulation
a competent authority as defined in Article 4(2)(i) of Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010
Whistleblower Protection Directive
any national authority designated to receive reports in accordance with Chapter III and give feedback to the reporting person, and/or designated to carry out the duties provided for in this Directive, in particular as regards follow-up.

competent financial authority

REMIT Regulation
a competent authority designated in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 11 of Directive 2003/6/EC

competent inventory authorities

Monitoring Mechanism Regulation
authorities entrusted under a national inventory system with the task of compiling the greenhouse gas inventory

competent ministries

BRRD
finance ministries or other ministries of the Member States which are responsible for economic, financial and budgetary decisions at the national level according to national competencies and which have been designated in accordance with Article 3(5)

compliance with the group capital test

Investment Firms Directive
compliance by a parent undertaking in an investment firm group with the requirements of Article 8 of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033

component 4 definitions

Cyber Resilience Act
software or hardware intended for integration into an electronic information system
Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation
a product intended to be incorporated into another product
Methane Regulation
any part or element of equipment used in oil, natural gas or coal installations or infrastructure, that has the potential to emit methane
Net-Zero Industry Act
a part of a net-zero technology final product that is manufactured and traded by a company, including processed material

compound ingredient

Food Information to Consumers Regulation
an ingredient that is itself the product of more than one ingredient

comprehensive decision 3 definitions

Critical Raw Materials Act
the decision or set of decisions taken by Member State authorities that determines whether a project promoter is authorised to implement a critical raw material project, without prejudice to any decision taken in the context of an appeal procedure
Net-Zero Industry Act
the decision or set of decisions taken by Member State authorities that determine whether a project promoter is authorised to implement a net-zero technology manufacturing project, without prejudice to any decision taken in the context of an appeal procedure
TEN-E Regulation
the decision or set of decisions taken by a Member State authority or authorities not including courts or tribunals, that determines whether or not a project promoter is to be granted authorisation to build the energy infrastructure to realise a project without prejudice to any decision taken in the context of an administrative appeal procedure

concentration risk

Solvency II Directive
all risk exposures with a loss potential which is large enough to threaten the solvency or the financial position of insurance and reinsurance undertakings

concession document

Concessions Directive
any document produced or referred to by the contracting authority or contracting entity to describe or determine elements of the concession or the procedure, including the concession notice, the technical and functional requirements, proposed conditions of concession, formats for the presentation of documents by candidates and tenderers, information on generally applicable obligations and any additional documents

concessionaire

Concessions Directive
an economic operator which has been awarded a concession

concessions

Concessions Directive
works or services concessions, as defined in points (a) and (b):

conditional access system 2 definitions

European Electronic Communications Code
any technical measure, authentication system and/or arrangement whereby access to a protected radio or television broadcasting service in intelligible form is made conditional upon subscription or another form of prior individual authorisation
Framework Directive (electronic communications)
any technical measure and/or arrangement whereby access to a protected radio or television broadcasting service in intelligible form is made conditional upon subscription or other form of prior individual authorisation

conditions for resolution 2 definitions

BRRD
the conditions referred to in Article 32(1)
SRM Regulation
the conditions referred to in Article 18(1)

conflict-affected and high-risk areas

Batteries Regulation
conflict-affected and high-risk areas as defined in Article 2, point (f), of Regulation (EU) 2017/821

conformity assessment 9 definitions

AI Act
the process of demonstrating whether the requirements set out in Chapter III, Section 2 relating to a high-risk AI system have been fulfilled
Batteries Regulation
the process demonstrating whether the sustainability, safety, labelling, information and due diligence requirements of this Regulation have been fulfilled
Critical Raw Materials Act
the process demonstrating whether the requirements set out in Article 28, 29 or 31 have been fulfilled
Cyber Resilience Act
the process of verifying whether the essential cybersecurity requirements set out in Annex I have been fulfilled
Cybersecurity Act
a conformity assessment as defined in point (12) of Article 2 of Regulation (EC) No 765/2008
Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation
the process demonstrating whether the ecodesign requirements set out in the relevant delegated acts adopted pursuant to Article 4 have been fulfilled
In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulation
the process demonstrating whether the requirements of this Regulation relating to a device have been fulfilled
Machinery Regulation
the process for demonstrating whether the applicable essential health and safety requirements in this Regulation relating to machinery or related products have been fulfilled
Medical Devices Regulation
the process demonstrating whether the requirements of this Regulation relating to a device have been fulfilled

conformity assessment body 9 definitions

AI Act
a body that performs third-party conformity assessment activities, including testing, certification and inspection
Batteries Regulation
a body that performs conformity assessment activities including calibration, testing, certification and inspection
Cyber Resilience Act
a conformity assessment body as defined in Article 2, point (13), of Regulation (EC) No 765/2008
Cybersecurity Act
a conformity assessment body as defined in point (13) of Article 2 of Regulation (EC) No 765/2008
Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation
a body that performs conformity assessment activities including calibration, testing, certification and inspection
In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulation
a body that performs third-party conformity assessment activities including calibration, testing, certification and inspection
Machinery Regulation
a body that performs conformity assessment activities, including calibration, testing, certification and inspection
Medical Devices Regulation
a body that performs third-party conformity assessment activities including calibration, testing, certification and inspection
eIDAS Regulation
a body defined in point 13 of Article 2 of Regulation (EC) No 765/2008, which is accredited in accordance with that Regulation as competent to carry out conformity assessment of a qualified trust service provider and the qualified trust services it provides

conformity self-assessment

Cybersecurity Act
an action carried out by a manufacturer or provider of ICT products, ICT services or ICT processes, which evaluates whether those ICT products, ICT services or ICT processes meet the requirements of a specific European cybersecurity certification scheme.

congested infrastructure

Single European Railway Area Directive
an element of infrastructure for which demand for infrastructure capacity cannot be fully satisfied during certain periods even after coordination of the different requests for capacity

congestion 3 definitions

Electricity Cross-Border Access Regulation (2003)
a situation in which an interconnection linking national transmission networks, cannot accommodate all physical flows resulting from international trade requested by market participants, because of a lack of capacity of the interconnectors and/or the national transmission systems concerned
Electricity Market Directive (recast)
congestion as defined in point (4) of Article 2 of Regulation (EU) 2019/943
Electricity Regulation (recast)
a situation in which all requests from market participants to trade between network areas cannot be accommodated because they would significantly affect the physical flows on network elements which cannot accommodate those flows

connected product

Data Act
an item that obtains, generates or collects data concerning its use or environment and that is able to communicate product data via an electronic communications service, physical connection or on-device access, and whose primary function is not the storing, processing or transmission of data on behalf of any party other than the user

consensus mechanism

MiCA
the rules and procedures by which an agreement is reached, among DLT network nodes, that a transaction is validated

consent 2 definitions

Data Governance Act
consent as defined in Article 4, point (11), of Regulation (EU) 2016/679
Digital Markets Act
consent as defined in Article 4, point (11), of Regulation (EU) 2016/679

consolidated basis 5 definitions

BRRD
the basis of the consolidated situation as defined in point (47) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
CRD IV
consolidated basis as defined in point (48) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
CRR
on the basis of the consolidated situation
Investment Firms Regulation
on the basis of the consolidated situation
SRM Regulation
the basis of the consolidated situation as defined in Article 4(1)(47) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013

consolidated situation 4 definitions

CRD IV
consolidated situation as defined in point (47) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
CRR
the situation that results from applying the requirements of this Regulation in accordance with Part One, Title II, Chapter 2 to an institution as if that institution formed, together with one or more other entities, a single institution
Investment Firms Directive
a consolidated situation as defined in point (11) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033
Investment Firms Regulation
the situation that results from applying the requirements of this Regulation in accordance with Article 7 to a Union parent investment firm, Union parent investment holding company or Union parent mixed financial holding company as if that undertaking formed, together with all the investment firms, financial institutions, ancillary services undertakings and tied agents in the investment firm group, a single investment firm; for the purpose of this definition, the terms ‘investment firm’, ‘financial institution’, ‘ancillary services undertaking’ and ‘tied agent’ shall also apply to undertakings established in third countries, which, were they established in the Union, would fulfil the definitions of those terms

consolidating supervisor 4 definitions

BRRD
consolidating supervisor as defined in point (41) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
CRD IV
consolidating supervisor as defined in point (41) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
CRR
a competent authority responsible for the exercise of supervision on a consolidated basis of EU parent institutions and of institutions controlled by EU parent financial holding companies or EU parent mixed financial holding companies
SRM Regulation
consolidating supervisor as defined in Article 4(1)(41) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013

consumer 20 definitions

Benchmarks Regulation
a natural person who, in financial contracts covered by this Regulation, is acting for purposes which are outside his or her trade, business or profession
Collective Redress Directive
any natural person who acts for purposes which are outside that person’s trade, business, craft or profession
Consumer ADR Directive
any natural person who is acting for purposes which are outside his trade, business, craft or profession
Consumer Credit Directive
a natural person who, in transactions covered by this Directive, is acting for purposes which are outside his trade, business or profession
Consumer Rights Directive
any natural person who, in contracts covered by this Directive, is acting for purposes which are outside his trade, business, craft or profession
Cyber Resilience Act
a natural person who acts for purposes which are outside that person’s trade, business, craft or profession
Data Act
any natural person who is acting for purposes which are outside that person’s trade, business, craft or profession
Digital Content Directive
any natural person who, in relation to contracts covered by this Directive, is acting for purposes which are outside that person's trade, business, craft, or profession
Digital Services Act
any natural person who is acting for purposes which are outside his or her trade, business, craft, or profession
Distance Marketing of Financial Services Directive
any natural person who, in distance contracts covered by this Directive, is acting for purposes which are outside his trade, business or profession
European Accessibility Act
any natural person who purchases the relevant product or is a recipient of the relevant service for purposes which are outside his trade, business, craft or profession
European Electronic Communications Code
any natural person who uses or requests a publicly available electronic communications service for purposes which are outside his or her trade, business, craft or profession
Framework Directive (electronic communications)
any natural person who uses or requests a publicly available electronic communications service for purposes which are outside his or her trade, business or profession
General Product Safety Regulation
any natural person who acts for purposes which are outside that person’s trade, business, craft or profession
Geo-blocking Regulation
any natural person who is acting for purposes which are outside his or her trade, business, craft or profession
Mortgage Credit Directive
a consumer as defined in point (a) of Article 3 of Directive 2008/48/EC.
PSD2
a natural person who, in payment service contracts covered by this Directive, is acting for purposes other than his or her trade, business or profession
Platform-to-Business Regulation
any natural person who is acting for purposes which are outside this person’s trade, business, craft or profession
Sale of Goods Directive
any natural person who, in relation to contracts covered by this Directive, is acting for purposes which are outside that person's trade, business, craft or profession
Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
any natural person who, in commercial practices covered by this Directive, is acting for purposes which are outside his trade, business, craft or profession

consumer banking services

European Accessibility Act
the provision to consumers of the following banking and financial services:

consumer general purpose computer hardware system

European Accessibility Act
the combination of hardware which forms a complete computer, characterised by its multipurpose nature, its ability to perform, with the appropriate software, most common computing tasks requested by consumers and intended to be operated by consumers, including personal computers, in particular desktops, notebooks, smartphones and tablets

consumer product

Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation
any product, excluding components and intermediate products, primarily intended for consumers

consumer terminal equipment with interactive computing capability, used for accessing audiovisual media services

European Accessibility Act
any equipment the main purpose of which is to provide access to audiovisual media services

consumption capacity

REMIT Regulation
the consumption of a final customer of either electricity or natural gas at full use of that customer's production capacity. It comprises all consumption by that customer as a single economic entity, in so far as consumption takes place on markets with interrelated wholesale prices. For the purposes of this definition, consumption at individual plants under the control of a single economic entity that have a consumption capacity of less than 600 GWh per year shall not be taken into account in so far as those plants do not exert a joint influence on wholesale energy market prices due to their being located in different relevant geographical markets

container

F-gas Regulation
a receptacle which is designed primarily for transporting or storing fluorinated greenhouse gases

content delivery network

NIS2 Directive
a network of geographically distributed servers for the purpose of ensuring high availability, accessibility or fast delivery of digital content and services to internet users on behalf of content and service providers

content moderation

Digital Services Act
the activities, whether automated or not, undertaken by providers of intermediary services, that are aimed, in particular, at detecting, identifying and addressing illegal content or information incompatible with their terms and conditions, provided by recipients of the service, including measures taken that affect the availability, visibility, and accessibility of that illegal content or that information, such as demotion, demonetisation, disabling of access to, or removal thereof, or that affect the ability of the recipients of the service to provide that information, such as the termination or suspension of a recipient’s account

continental shelf

CBAM Regulation
a continental shelf as defined in Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Contingent liability or guarantee

Mortgage Credit Directive
a credit agreement which acts as a guarantee to another separate but ancillary transaction, and where the capital secured against an immovable property is only drawn down if an event or events specified in the contract occur.

continuity of services

ITS Directive
the ability to ensure seamless services on transport networks across the Union

continuous measurement

Methane Regulation
a measurement where the reading is taken at least every minute

contract

Net-Zero Industry Act
in the context of public procurement procedures, public contracts as defined in Article 2(1), point (5), of Directive 2014/24/EU, supply, works and service contracts as defined in Article 2, point (1), of Directive 2014/25/EU, and concessions as defined in Article 5, point (1), of Directive 2014/23/EU

contract termination fee

Electricity Market Directive (recast)
a charge or penalty imposed on customers by suppliers or market participants engaged in aggregation, for terminating an electricity supply or service contract

contracting authorities

Public Procurement Directive
the State, regional or local authorities, bodies governed by public law or associations formed by one or more such authorities or one or more such bodies governed by public law

contracting authority

Net-Zero Industry Act
in the context of public procurement procedures, a contracting authority as defined in Article 6 of Directive 2014/23/EU, Article 2(1), point (1), of Directive 2014/24/EU and Article 3 of Directive 2014/25/EU

contracting entity

Net-Zero Industry Act
in the context of public procurement procedures, a contracting entity as defined in Article 7 of Directive 2014/23/EU and Article 4 of Directive 2014/25/EU

contractual agreement

Single European Railway Area Directive
an agreement or, mutatis mutandis, an arrangement within the framework of administrative measures

contractual cross product netting agreement

CRR
a bilateral contractual agreement between an institution and a counterparty which creates a single legal obligation (based on netting of covered transactions) covering all bilateral master agreements and transactions belonging to different product categories that are included within the agreement; For the purposes of this definition, ‧different product categories‧ means:

contribution of input data

Benchmarks Regulation
providing any input data not readily available to an administrator, or to another person for the purposes of passing to an administrator, that is required in connection with the determination of a benchmark, and is provided for that purpose

contributor

Benchmarks Regulation
a natural or legal person contributing input data

control 13 definitions

AIFMD
control as defined in Article 1 of Directive 83/349/EEC
CRD IV
control as defined in point (37) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
CRR
the relationship between a parent undertaking and a subsidiary, as defined in Article 1 of Directive 83/349/EEC, or the accounting standards to which an institution is subject under Regulation (EC) No 1606/2002, or a similar relationship between any natural or legal person and an undertaking
CSDR
the relationship between two undertakings as described in Article 22 of Directive 2013/34/EU
Credit Rating Agencies Regulation
the relationship between a parent undertaking and a subsidiary, as described in Article 1 of Council Directive 83/349/EEC of 13 June 1983 on consolidated accounts (16), or a close link between any natural or legal person and an undertaking
Digital Markets Act
the possibility of exercising decisive influence on an undertaking, within the meaning of Article 3(2) of Regulation (EC) No 139/2004
EMIR
the relationship between a parent undertaking and a subsidiary, as described in Article 1 of Directive 83/349/EEC
Electricity Market Directive (recast)
rights, contracts or other means which, either separately or in combination and having regard to the considerations of fact or law involved, confer the possibility of exercising decisive influence on an undertaking, in particular by:
Gas Directive
any rights, contracts or any other means which, either separately or in combination and having regard to the considerations of fact or law involved, confer the possibility of exercising decisive influence on an undertaking, in particular by:
Investment Firms Directive
the relationship between a parent undertaking and a subsidiary, as described in Article 22 of Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (17), or in the accounting standards to which an investment firm is subject under Regulation (EC) No 1606/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council (18), or a similar relationship between any natural or legal person and an undertaking
Platform-to-Business Regulation
ownership of, or the ability to exercise decisive influence over, an undertaking, within the meaning of Article 3(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 (13)
Reinsurance Directive
the relationship between a parent undertaking and a subsidiary, as defined in Article 1 of Directive 83/349/EEC (13), or a similar relationship between any natural or legal person and an undertaking
Solvency II Directive
the relationship between a parent undertaking and a subsidiary undertaking, as set out in Article 1 of Directive 83/349/EEC, or a similar relationship between any natural or legal person and an undertaking

control area

Electricity Regulation (recast)
a coherent part of the interconnected system, operated by a single system operator and shall include connected physical loads and/or generation units if any

control authority

Organic Farming Regulation
an organic control authority as defined in point (4) of Article 3 of Regulation (EU) 2017/625, or an authority recognised by the Commission or by a third country recognised by the Commission for the purposes of carrying out controls in third countries for the import of organic and in-conversion products into the Union

control body

Organic Farming Regulation
a delegated body as defined in point (5) of Article 3 of Regulation (EU) 2017/625, or a body recognised by the Commission or by a third country recognised by the Commission for the purposes of carrying out controls in third countries for the import of organic and in-conversion products into the Union

control material

In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulation
a substance, material or article intended by its manufacturer to be used to verify the performance characteristics of a device

controlled undertaking

Transparency Directive
any undertaking

controller 4 definitions

EPPO Regulation
the EPPO or another competent authority which, alone or jointly with others, determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data; where the purposes and means of such processing are determined by Union law or the law of a Member State of the European Union, the controller or the specific criteria for its nomination may be provided for by Union law or the law of a Member State of the European Union
EU Institutions Data Protection Regulation
the Union institution or body or the directorate-general or any other organisational entity which, alone or jointly with others, determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data; where the purposes and means of such processing are determined by a specific Union act, the controller or the specific criteria for its nomination can be provided for by Union law
GDPR
the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which, alone or jointly with others, determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data; where the purposes and means of such processing are determined by Union or Member State law, the controller or the specific criteria for its nomination may be provided for by Union or Member State law
Law Enforcement Directive
the competent authority which, alone or jointly with others, determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data; where the purposes and means of such processing are determined by Union or Member State law, the controller or the specific criteria for its nomination may be provided for by Union or Member State law

controllers other than Union institutions and bodies

EU Institutions Data Protection Regulation
controllers within the meaning of point (7) of Article 4 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 and controllers within the meaning of point (8) of Article 3 of Directive (EU) 2016/680

conventional meter

Electricity Market Directive (recast)
an analogue or electronic meter with no capability to both transmit and receive data

conversion

Organic Farming Regulation
the transition from non-organic to organic production within a given period, during which the provisions of this Regulation concerning organic production apply

conversion factor

CRR
the ratio of the currently undrawn amount of a commitment that could be drawn and that would therefore be outstanding at default to the currently undrawn amount of the commitment, the extent of the commitment being determined by the advised limit, unless the unadvised limit is higher

conversion rate

BRRD
the factor that determines the number of shares or other instruments of ownership into which a liability of a specific class will be converted, by reference either to a single instrument of the class in question or to a specified unit of value of a debt claim

cooling generator

Critical Raw Materials Act
the part of a cooling system that generates a temperature difference allowing heat extraction from the space or process to be cooled, using an electric vapour compression cycle

coordinated net transmission capacity

Electricity Regulation (recast)
a capacity calculation method based on the principle of assessing and defining ex ante a maximum energy exchange between adjacent bidding zones

coordination

Single European Railway Area Directive
the process through which the infrastructure manager and applicants will attempt to resolve situations in which there are conflicting applications for infrastructure capacity

coordinator

Chips Act
a legal entity established in the Union which is a member of a European chips infrastructure consortium and which has been appointed by all the members of the consortium to be the principal point of contact for the Commission

core business lines

BRRD
business lines and associated services which represent material sources of revenue, profit or franchise value for an institution or for a group of which an institution forms part

core platform service

Digital Markets Act
any of the following:

corporate website user

Platform-to-Business Regulation
any natural or legal person which uses an online interface, meaning any software, including a website or a part thereof and applications, including mobile applications, to offer goods or services to consumers for purposes relating to its trade, business, craft or profession

corrective action 2 definitions

In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulation
action taken to eliminate the cause of a potential or actual non-conformity or other undesirable situation
Medical Devices Regulation
action taken to eliminate the cause of a potential or actual non-conformity or other undesirable situation

cosmetic product

Cosmetics Regulation
any substance or mixture intended to be placed in contact with the external parts of the human body (epidermis, hair system, nails, lips and external genital organs) or with the teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view exclusively or mainly to cleaning them, perfuming them, changing their appearance, protecting them, keeping them in good condition or correcting body odours

countercyclical buffer rate

CRD IV
the rate that institutions must apply in order to calculate their institution-specific countercyclical capital buffer, and that is set in accordance with Article 136, Article 137 or by a relevant third-country authority, as the case may be

counterparties

SFTR
financial counterparties and non-financial counterparties

counterparty credit risk

EMIR
the risk that the counterparty to a transaction defaults before the final settlement of the transaction’s cash flows

countertrading

Electricity Regulation (recast)
a cross-zonal exchange initiated by system operators between two bidding zones to relieve physical congestion

country of origin

Deforestation Regulation
a country or territory as referred to in Article 60 of Regulation (EU) No 952/2013

country of production

Deforestation Regulation
the country or territory where the relevant commodity or the relevant commodity used in the production of, or contained in, a relevant product was produced

covered bond 2 definitions

BRRD
an instrument as referred to in Article 52(4) of Directive 2009/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (26)
SRM Regulation
an instrument as referred to in Article 52(4) of Directive 2009/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (13)

covered deposits 3 definitions

BRRD
covered deposits as defined in point (5) of Article 2(1) of Directive 2014/49/EU
Deposit Guarantee Schemes Directive
the part of eligible deposits that does not exceed the coverage level laid down in Article 6
SRM Regulation
deposits as defined in Article 2(1)(5) of Directive 2014/49/EU

creator of a seal

eIDAS Regulation
a legal person who creates an electronic seal

Credit agreement 2 definitions

Consumer Credit Directive
an agreement whereby a creditor grants or promises to grant to a consumer credit in the form of a deferred payment, loan or other similar financial accommodation, except for agreements for the provision on a continuing basis of services or for the supply of goods of the same kind, where the consumer pays for such services or goods for the duration of their provision by means of instalments
Mortgage Credit Directive
an agreement whereby a creditor grants or promises to grant, to a consumer, a credit falling within the scope of Article 3 in the form of a deferred payment, loan or other similar financial accommodation.

credit default swap

Short Selling Regulation
a derivative contract in which one party pays a fee to another party in return for a payment or other benefit in the case of a credit event relating to a reference entity and of any other default, relating to that derivative contract, which has a similar economic effect

credit enhancement

CRR
a contractual arrangement whereby the credit quality of a position in a securitisation is improved in relation to what it would have been if the enhancement had not been provided, including the enhancement provided by more junior tranches in the securitisation and other types of credit protection

credit institution 15 definitions

BRRD
a credit institution as defined in point (1) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, not including the entities referred to in Article 2(5) of Directive 2013/36/EU
CRD IV
credit institution as defined in point (1) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
CRR
an undertaking the business of which is to take deposits or other repayable funds from the public and to grant credits for its own account
DORA
a credit institution as defined in Article 4(1), point (1), of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (32)
Deposit Guarantee Schemes Directive
a credit institution as defined in point (1) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
Investment Firms Directive
a credit institution as defined in point (1) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
Investment Firms Regulation
a credit institution as defined in point (1) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
Market Abuse Regulation
a credit institution as defined in point (1) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (18)
MiCA
a credit institution as defined in Article 4(1), point (1), of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and authorised under Directive 2013/36/EU
MiFID II
a credit institution as defined in point (1) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
MiFIR
a credit institution as defined in Article 4(1)(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (20)
Mortgage Credit Directive
credit institution as defined in point 1 of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013.
Prospectus Regulation
a credit institution as defined in point (1) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
SSM Regulation
a credit institution as defined in point 1 of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
Transparency Directive
an undertaking as defined in Article 1(1)(a) of Directive 2000/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 March 2000 relating to the taking up and pursuit of the business of credit institutions (13)

Credit intermediary 2 definitions

Consumer Credit Directive
a natural or legal person who is not acting as a creditor and who, in the course of his trade, business or profession, for a fee, which may take a pecuniary form or any other agreed form of financial consideration:
Mortgage Credit Directive
a natural or legal person who is not acting as a creditor or notary and not merely introducing, either directly or indirectly, a consumer to a creditor or credit intermediary, and who, in the course of his trade, business or profession, for remuneration, which may take a pecuniary form or any other agreed form of financial consideration:

credit rating

Credit Rating Agencies Regulation
an opinion regarding the creditworthiness of an entity, a debt or financial obligation, debt security, preferred share or other financial instrument, or of an issuer of such a debt or financial obligation, debt security, preferred share or other financial instrument, issued using an established and defined ranking system of rating categories

credit rating activities

Credit Rating Agencies Regulation
data and information analysis and the evaluation, approval, issuing and review of credit ratings. 2. For the purposes of paragraph 1(a), the following shall not be considered to be credit ratings:

credit rating agency 2 definitions

Credit Rating Agencies Regulation
a legal person whose occupation includes the issuing of credit ratings on a professional basis
DORA
a credit rating agency as defined in Article 3(1), point (b), of Regulation (EC) No 1060/2009

credit risk

Solvency II Directive
the risk of loss or of adverse change in the financial situation, resulting from fluctuations in the credit standing of issuers of securities, counterparties and any debtors to which insurance and reinsurance undertakings are exposed, in the form of counterparty default risk, or spread risk, or market risk concentrations

credit risk adjustment

CRR
the amount of specific and general loan loss provision for credit risks that has been recognised in the financial statements of the institution in accordance with the applicable accounting framework

credit risk mitigation 2 definitions

CRD IV
credit risk mitigation as defined in point (57) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
CRR
a technique used by an institution to reduce the credit risk associated with an exposure or exposures which that institution continues to hold

credit transfer 2 definitions

Geo-blocking Regulation
credit transfer as defined in point (24) of Article 4 of Directive (EU) 2015/2366
PSD2
a payment service for crediting a payee’s payment account with a payment transaction or a series of payment transactions from a payer’s payment account by the payment service provider which holds the payer’s payment account, based on an instruction given by the payer

Creditor 2 definitions

Consumer Credit Directive
a natural or legal person who grants or promises to grant credit in the course of his trade, business or profession
Mortgage Credit Directive
a natural or legal person who grants or promises to grant credit falling within the scope of Article 3 in the course of his trade, business or profession.

Creditworthiness assessment

Mortgage Credit Directive
the evaluation of the prospect for the debt obligation resulting from the credit agreement to be met.

criminal activity 2 definitions

Anti-Money Laundering Regulation (AMLR)
criminal activity as defined in Article 2, point (1), of Directive (EU) 2018/1673, as well as fraud affecting the Union’s financial interests as defined in Article 3(2) of Directive (EU) 2017/1371, passive and active corruption as defined in Article 4 (2) and misappropriation as defined in Article 4(3), second subparagraph, of that Directive
Fourth Anti-Money Laundering Directive (AMLD4)
any kind of criminal involvement in the commission of the following serious crimes:

crisis coordinator

Electricity Risk-Preparedness Regulation
a person, a group of persons, a team composed of the relevant national electricity crisis managers or an institution tasked with acting as a contact point and coordinating the information flow during an electricity crisis

crisis management measure

BRRD
a resolution action or the appointment of a special manager under Article 35 or a person under Article 51(2) or under Article 72(1)

crisis prevention measure

BRRD
the exercise of powers to direct removal of deficiencies or impediments to recoverability under Article 6(6), the exercise of powers to address or remove impediments to resolvability under Article 17 or 18, the application of an early intervention measure under Article 27, the appointment of a temporary administrator under Article 29 or the exercise of the write down or conversion powers under Article 59

crisis-relevant product

Chips Act
semiconductors, intermediate products and raw and processed materials which are either deployed directly by critical sectors or used in order to produce devices used by critical sectors required to produce semiconductors or intermediate products, that are affected by a semiconductor crisis and relevant to ensure crucial functions of a critical sector

critical benchmark

Benchmarks Regulation
a benchmark other than a regulated-data benchmark that fulfils any of the conditions laid down in Article 20(1) and which is on the list established by the Commission pursuant to that Article

critical entity

Critical Entities Resilience Directive
a public or private entity which has been identified by a Member State in accordance with Article 6 as belonging to one of the categories set out in the third column of the table in the Annex

critical functions

BRRD
activities, services or operations the discontinuance of which is likely in one or more Member States, to lead to the disruption of services that are essential to the real economy or to disrupt financial stability due to the size, market share, external and internal interconnectedness, complexity or cross-border activities of an institution or group, with particular regard to the substitutability of those activities, services or operations

critical ICT third-party service provider

DORA
an ICT third-party service provider designated as critical in accordance with Article 31

critical infrastructure 3 definitions

AI Act
critical infrastructure as defined in Article 2, point (4), of Directive (EU) 2022/2557
Critical Entities Resilience Directive
an asset, a facility, equipment, a network or a system, or a part of an asset, a facility, equipment, a network or a system, which is necessary for the provision of an essential service
European Critical Infrastructures Directive
an asset, system or part thereof located in Member States which is essential for the maintenance of vital societal functions, health, safety, security, economic or social well-being of people, and the disruption or destruction of which would have a significant impact in a Member State as a result of the failure to maintain those functions

critical network element

Electricity Regulation (recast)
a network element either within a bidding zone or between bidding zones taken into account in the capacity calculation process, limiting the amount of power that can be exchanged

critical or important function

DORA
a function, the disruption of which would materially impair the financial performance of a financial entity, or the soundness or continuity of its services and activities, or the discontinued, defective or failed performance of that function would materially impair the continuing compliance of a financial entity with the conditions and obligations of its authorisation, or with its other obligations under applicable financial services law

critical raw material project

Critical Raw Materials Act
any planned facility or planned significant extension or repurposing of an existing facility that is active in the extraction, processing or recycling of critical raw materials

critical raw material type

Critical Raw Materials Act
a critical raw material placed on the market that is differentiated by its stage of processing, its chemical composition, its geographical origin or the production methods used

critical sector

Chips Act
any sector referred to in Annex IV

cross zonal capacity

Electricity Risk-Preparedness Regulation
the capability of the interconnected system to accommodate energy transfer between bidding zones

cross-border activity

IORP II
operating a pension scheme where the relationship between the sponsoring undertaking, and the members and beneficiaries concerned, is governed by the social and labour law relevant to the field of occupational pension schemes of a Member State other than the home Member State.

cross-border agreement

Single European Railway Area Directive
any agreement between two or more Member States or between Member States and third countries intended to facilitate the provision of cross-border rail services

cross-border dispute

Consumer ADR Directive
a contractual dispute arising from a sales or service contract where, at the time the consumer orders the goods or services, the consumer is resident in a Member State other than the Member State in which the trader is established

cross-border flow 3 definitions

Electricity Cross-Border Access Regulation (2003)
a physical flow of electricity on a transmission network of a Member State that results from the impact of the activity of producers and/or consumers outside of that Member State on its transmission network. If transmission networks of two or more Member States form part, entirely or partly, of a single control block, for the purpose of the inter-transmission system operator (TSO) compensation mechanism referred to in Article 3 only, the control block as a whole shall be considered as forming part of the transmission network of one of the Member States concerned, in order to avoid flows within control blocks being considered as cross-border flows and giving rise to compensation payments under Article 3. The regulatory authorities of the Member States concerned may decide which of the Member States concerned shall be the one of which the control block as a whole shall be considered to form part of
Electricity Regulation (recast)
a physical flow of electricity on a transmission network of a Member State that results from the impact of the activity of producers, customers, or both, outside that Member State on its transmission network
Electricity Risk-Preparedness Regulation
cross-border flow as defined in point (3) of Article 2 of Regulation (EU) 2019/943

cross-border group 2 definitions

BRRD
a group having group entities established in more than one Member State
SRM Regulation
a group that has entities as referred to in Article 2 established in more than one participating Member State

cross-border healthcare

Cross-border Healthcare Directive
healthcare provided or prescribed in a Member State other than the Member State of affiliation

cross-border processing

GDPR
either:

cross-border representative action

Collective Redress Directive
a representative action brought by a qualified entity in a Member State other than that in which the qualified entity was designated

cross-guarantee scheme

CRR
a scheme that meets all the following conditions:

cross-product netting

CRR
the inclusion of transactions of different product categories within the same netting set pursuant to the Cross-Product Netting rules set out in this Chapter

cross-selling practice

MiFID II
the offering of an investment service together with another service or product as part of a package or as a condition for the same agreement or package

cross-zonal capacity

Electricity Regulation (recast)
the capability of the interconnected system to accommodate energy transfer between bidding zones

crowdfunding intermediary

Anti-Money Laundering Regulation (AMLR)
an undertaking other than a crowdfunding service provider the business of which is to match or facilitate the matching, through an internet-based information system open to the public or to a limited number of funders, of:

crowdfunding offer

Crowdfunding Regulation
any communication by a crowdfunding service provider, in any form and by any means, presenting sufficient information on the terms of the offer and the crowdfunding project being offered, so as to enable an investor to invest in the crowdfunding project

crowdfunding platform

Crowdfunding Regulation
a publicly accessible internet-based information system operated or managed by a crowdfunding service provider

crowdfunding project

Crowdfunding Regulation
the business activity or activities for which a project owner seeks funding through the crowdfunding offer

crowdfunding service

Crowdfunding Regulation
the matching of business funding interests of investors and project owners through the use of a crowdfunding platform and which consists of any of the following activities:

crowdfunding service provider 3 definitions

Anti-Money Laundering Regulation (AMLR)
a crowdfunding service provider as defined in Article 2(1), point (e), of Regulation (EU) 2020/1503
Crowdfunding Regulation
a legal person who provides crowdfunding services
DORA
a crowdfunding service provider as defined in Article 2(1), point (e), of Regulation (EU) 2020/1503 of the European Parliament and of the Council (35)

crypto-asset 2 definitions

Anti-Money Laundering Regulation (AMLR)
a crypto-asset as defined in Article 3(1), point (5), of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 except when falling under the categories listed in Article 2(4) of that Regulation
MiCA
a digital representation of a value or of a right that is able to be transferred and stored electronically using distributed ledger technology or similar technology

crypto-asset account

Anti-Money Laundering Regulation (AMLR)
a crypto-asset account as defined in Article 3, point (19), of Regulation (EU) 2023/1113

crypto-asset service

MiCA
any of the following services and activities relating to any crypto-asset:

crypto-asset service provider 3 definitions

Anti-Money Laundering Regulation (AMLR)
a crypto-asset service provider as defined in Article 3(1), point (15), of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 where performing one or more crypto-asset services
DORA
a crypto-asset service provider as defined in the relevant provision of the Regulation on markets in crypto-assets
MiCA
a legal person or other undertaking whose occupation or business is the provision of one or more crypto-asset services to clients on a professional basis, and that is allowed to provide crypto-asset services in accordance with Article 59

crypto-asset services

Anti-Money Laundering Regulation (AMLR)
crypto-asset services as defined in Article 3(1), point (16), of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, with the exception of providing advice on crypto-assets as referred to in Article 3(1), point (16)(h), of that Regulation

CSD link

CSDR
an arrangement between CSDs whereby one CSD becomes a participant in the securities settlement system of another CSD in order to facilitate the transfer of securities from the participants of the latter CSD to the participants of the former CSD or an arrangement whereby a CSD accesses another CSD indirectly via an intermediary. CSD links include standard links, customised links, indirect links, and interoperable links

CSIRT designated as coordinator

Cyber Resilience Act
a CSIRT designated as coordinator pursuant to Article 12(1) of Directive (EU) 2022/2555.

cultural goods

Anti-Money Laundering Regulation (AMLR)
goods listed in Annex I to Council Regulation (EC) No 116/2009 (40)

cultural heritage institution

Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive
a publicly accessible library or museum, an archive or a film or audio heritage institution

current exposure

CRR
the larger of zero and the market value of a transaction or portfolio of transactions within a netting set with a counterparty that would be lost upon the default of the counterparty, assuming no recovery on the value of those transactions in insolvency or liquidation

custom-made device

Medical Devices Regulation
any device specifically made in accordance with a written prescription of any person authorised by national law by virtue of that person's professional qualifications which gives, under that person's responsibility, specific design characteristics, and is intended for the sole use of a particular patient exclusively to meet their individual conditions and needs. However, mass-produced devices which need to be adapted to meet the specific requirements of any professional user and devices which are mass-produced by means of industrial manufacturing processes in accordance with the written prescriptions of any authorised person shall not be considered to be custom-made devices

customary name

Food Information to Consumers Regulation
a name which is accepted as the name of the food by consumers in the Member State in which that food is sold, without that name needing further explanation

customer 7 definitions

Data Act
a natural or legal person that has entered into a contractual relationship with a provider of data processing services with the objective of using one or more data processing services
Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation
a natural or legal person that purchases, hires or receives a product for their own use whether or not acting for purposes which are outside their trade, business, craft or profession
Electricity Market Directive (recast)
a wholesale or final customer of electricity
Electricity Regulation (recast)
a customer as defined in point (1) of Article 2 of Directive (EU) 2019/944
Electricity Risk-Preparedness Regulation
customer as defined in point (1) of Article 2 of Directive (EU) 2019/944
Gas Directive
a wholesale or final customer of natural gas or a natural gas undertaking which purchases natural gas
Geo-blocking Regulation
a consumer who is a national of, or has his or her place of residence in, a Member State, or an undertaking which has its place of establishment in a Member State, and receives a service or purchases a good, or seeks to do so, within the Union, for the sole purpose of end use

customised link

CSDR
a CSD link whereby a CSD that becomes a participant in the securities settlement system of another CSD is provided with additional specific services to the services normally provided by that CSD to participants in the securities settlement system

customs authorities 2 definitions

CBAM Regulation
the customs administrations of Member States as defined in Article 5, point (1), of Regulation (EU) No 952/2013
Deforestation Regulation
customs authorities as defined in Article 5, point (1), of Regulation (EU) No 952/2013

customs declarant

CBAM Regulation
a declarant as defined in Article 5, point (15), of Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 lodging a customs declaration for release for free circulation of goods in its own name or the person in whose name such a declaration is lodged

customs territory

Deforestation Regulation
territory as defined in Article 4 of Regulation (EU) No 952/2013

customs territory of the Union

CBAM Regulation
the territory defined in Article 4 of Regulation (EU) No 952/2013

cutting-edge semiconductor technologies

Chips Act
state-of-the-art innovation in chips and semiconductor technologies when the projects are carried out

cyber threat 4 definitions

Cyber Resilience Act
a cyber threat as defined in Article 2, point (8), of Regulation (EU) 2019/881
Cybersecurity Act
any potential circumstance, event or action that could damage, disrupt or otherwise adversely impact network and information systems, the users of such systems and other persons
DORA
‘cyber threat’ as defined in Article 2, point (8), of Regulation (EU) 2019/881
NIS2 Directive
a cyber threat as defined in Article 2, point (8), of Regulation (EU) 2019/881

cyber-attack

DORA
a malicious ICT-related incident caused by means of an attempt perpetrated by any threat actor to destroy, expose, alter, disable, steal or gain unauthorised access to, or make unauthorised use of, an asset

cybersecurity 3 definitions

Cyber Resilience Act
cybersecurity as defined in Article 2, point (1), of Regulation (EU) 2019/881
Cybersecurity Act
the activities necessary to protect network and information systems, the users of such systems, and other persons affected by cyber threats
NIS2 Directive
cybersecurity as defined in Article 2, point (1), of Regulation (EU) 2019/881

cybersecurity risk

Cyber Resilience Act
the potential for loss or disruption caused by an incident and is to be expressed as a combination of the magnitude of such loss or disruption and the likelihood of occurrence of the incident