1. This Regulation applies to electronic identification schemes that have been notified by a Member State, and to trust service providers that are established in the Union.
2. This Regulation does not apply to the provision of trust services that are used exclusively within closed systems resulting from national law or from agreements between a defined set of participants.
3. This Regulation does not affect national or Union law related to the conclusion and validity of contracts or other legal or procedural obligations relating to form.